Social work case study: Young and single mother

Social work bottom case study Young and single motherGeneral stratum of Service User Level OneEriksons St matures of Human developing (Kalat, 2010, p.173) divides a humans behavior into symbolises. all(prenominal)(prenominal) stage pass onlights tellicular proposition tasks which realize to be comp allowed to begin with moving onto the next stage. all(prenominal) stage creates its own physical, companion subject and emotional run afouls. These stages dish to determine where a mortal is in their liveliness, rather than basing it on their age. Rachel Clark is nineteen classs old, and is at the physical stage of a young adult, late teens to proterozoic twenties. However, as she has non yet developed her identity, it is fair to say she is fluent at the stage of an adolescent, early teens. Erikson loaded down(p)(p)ly emphasised the adolescent period, as it is a fundamental stage for a person to develop their identity. The main conflict at this stage is wagerer be intimaten as identity versus constituent confusion. Since moving back to Northern Ireland from Liverpool, Rachel had to move from peerless whizs ho hold to a nonher forwards finally finding a place of her own. This whitethorn confine affected Rachels confidence and incr exc apply her stress. earlier to meeting with Rachel it is grave to confacer where she is now living and who her peers ar. Theories often(prenominal) as Maslows Hierarchy of Needs (Taylor Devine, 1993, p.44) is relevant to Rachels case as it is important to understand if her psychological needs atomic number 18 organism met in order for her to grow. In an attempt to address unmet need, the white plague of interventions, such(prenominal) as assessment is proposed and these requirements are legislated for in the Children Acts across the UK. perspicacity is apply to dispatch achievable informed decisions virtually meeting client needs (Taylor Devine, 1993, p.7) Assessment frameworks such as Underst anding the Needs of Children in Northern Ireland (UNOCINI) are use to non lonesome(prenominal) assess the child that in any case to assess the parents capacity to meet the needs of the child. Additionally, assessment is utilise to support the service depicted object abuser and worker to identify any areas which require maturement and intensify. The UNOCINI framework is excessively in line with legislation such as the Children (NI) Order (1995) and Article 8 of the Human Rights Act (1998) chastise to discover for private and family life (legislation, n.d.), which are as sound as fundamental while on the job(p) with Rachels case. Additionally, the stages of Egans Skillight-emitting diode Helper Model can suffice in providing a basic framework for the befriending process (Egan, 2002, p.25). Each of these stages are a machinate of tasks based al about a fore that assist clients in moving forward to help develop opportunities and erect assistance in managing problem s.Information specific to the service user/s Level 2Rachel Clark is a nineteen year old, who is currently residing in Northern Ireland. She is a single parent to a son named Jamie, two age old. Rachels parents divorced when she was 15. Following this, her mother and twelve year old brother, Mark, moved to Liverpool with Mrs Clarks boyfriend, Gavin. Rachel was unable to settle in Liverpool and readily lost interest in her education. Rachel became pregnant at sixteen and gave shit got to her son, Jamie, at seventeen. Rachels relationship with Jamies father ended before Jamie was born. Rachel returned to Northern Ireland six months ago with Jamie. Following this, Rachel had to move from one friends home to another(prenominal) until she was granted rented accommodation from a local housing association. It has also been mentioned that Rachels grannie lives nearby and provides support for Rachel on a daily basis. on that point has been reason for concern with Rachels note follow ing a call from one of her neighbours, they wish to remain anonymous. It has been state that Rachel is partying all night and sleeping all twenty-four hour period, there is a collection of rubbish within Rachels garden and it has been reported that Jamie has been comprehend crying on occasions. Prior to the initial interview with Rachel, it is important to have a clear overview of objectives and aims prepared. The main aim is to engage with Rachel and some objectives may includeTo find out if there is any truth in the allegations do once against Rachel.If Rachel is acquiring the full financial/emotional support operational to her.What kind of support she receives from her grandmother and to gift if respite may be required to give both Rachel and her grandmother a break from Jamie.As Rachel is a young mother, it is important to suck up indis put downable she is receiving all the help and support that is operational. These include financial support, housing support and any c hild maintenance that is available to her. Although Jamies father is not on the scene, Rachel lead quiet down be able to claim child maintenance. This is perhaps something that could be discussed with Rachel. The financial help available to Rachel is also something that could be discussed, to collide with certain she is receiving all the financial support possible. It is stated that Rachel receives daily support from her grandmother, that it does not state what kind of help or what age her grandmother is. It may also be important to consider if respite may be required for both Rachel and her grandmother, to hold them both to have a break from Jamie at generation. Specific Phase of Work/Tuning in to SUs getings/anticipations of potential SU objectives Level trio.A key skill during the preliminary exam phase of social work is to develop a sense of empathy. It is also essential to develop some initial strategies for responding swayly to indirect linguistic communication or a ctions. This skill is draw as Putting the clients olfactory modalityings into words (Shulman, 2012, p.148). In Rachels case, it is important to consider what it strength be worry to be an adolescent. It is essential to get in touch with possible feelings and anxieties that a client might be feeling. In this case, Rachel may be feeling anxious about what kind of worker or person she is going to be meeting with. It is important to engage with the service user and to establish a rapport to help her feel at ease and to gain her trust. Furtherto a requireanter extent, rough-and-ready preparation highlights your concern for the service user and thus acquits them feel valued. It is important to consider how Rachel might be feeling during the period of clip of prototypical contact with social serve. She may be feeling unwarranted that someone has reported her for neglecting her son, as well as saluteing anxieties about whether or not she allow for have her son taken by from her. It is important to acknowledge how difficult it must be for Rachel to have a social worker talk to her about things that could be a fond subject.Tuning in to own feelings, value and skills Level four.It is important for me, as a social worker, to tune into my own feelings and possible anxieties before informant the first session with Rachel. The reason for this, is because if they are not addressed before hand and accordingly they may arise during the interview session, cause a distraction and may ultimately affect my expertness to help Rachel. To establish a rapport with Rachel, personal values such as respect, ingenuousness and domainion would be beneficial and would help to relax the client when they know you are showing a reliable interest. The values and skills within social work apply to the process of aiding others from a professional perspective. Professional values such as social justice, respect for their rights and professional integrity will also come into effect before and during the interview with Rachel. A chassis of communication skills can be use to engage with Rachel. Talking and sense of hearing skills such as paraphrasing, the use of open questions, clarifying, reflecting and summarising would show evidence of genuine interest. Other skills such as body language will show non-verbal indications of my attitude or feelings towards Rachel, so it is important to have an open posture. Likewise, the talent to respond to non-verbal cues are also important during the interview session. But, to the highest degree importantly, the ability to be empathetic is a fundamental skill which is required to help develop strategies and relate to the service user. The use of non-verbal methods, such as self-perception questionnaires, a problem tree or using a life line, are other communication skills which could be used to help Rachel interact with me. Additionally, Rachel might feel an impact of oppression with stereotyping based on her gende r, age, gender or mental ability to cope. She may feel wish the social services are judging her because she is a young, single mum and therefore, she might feel tense and under pressure. To understand how discrimination and inequalities are surrender in the interaction between service users and social workers, it is useful to consider the lieu in terms of three levels. The personal, cultural and societal level, referred to as Thompsons PCS model (Thompson, 2012, p.33). Thompsons PCS model is important to comprehend as it states how personal beliefs, cultural norms and structural institutions combine to create oppression in society. china The old-fashioned CivilizationChina The quaint CivilizationThere is no modern without an ancient just as there is no present without a past. E really(prenominal)thing we have right away we owe to the bright minds of our ancestors, and their ancestors. Al near either gadget,1 hammer, and device we have nowadays is the result of a persons eff ort to make life a little easier, a persons desire to explore something new, and a persons effort to understand the world around them.Of the ancient civilizations, it seems that the Chinese were the most curious, and most driven to enhance the type of life. They had the most prominent and powerfully impacting concepts not just during their time, scarcely for all time. The Chinese pay offions have three clear divisions. These are re designal, medicinal and technological, and military.The the great unwashed of ancient China make legion(predicate) another(prenominal) business firmificant advancements in the fields of both intuition and medicine, which only continues to show how sophisticated and modernized their way of thinking was back then. A draw play of the medical treatments bland being honorable by doctors today stem from ancient Chinese practices records of such have been instal as early as the Zhou Dynasty (cv0-256 BCE). In Confucius The Book of Rites, there is a re cord that speaks about court medical students and their division of medical teaching into cozy medicine, surgery, nutrition and veterinary practice, evidence that medicine was already very a lot developed during those generation. antiquated China had contributed to numerous branches of medicine including of pharmacology, endocrinology, clinical medicine, common health, acupuncture, and medical education.The very beginning of Chinese medicine is attributed to Shennong, the legendary emperor, who had personally tasted hundreds of plants in order to discover which ones had medicinal values. He was also state to have introduced the technique of acupuncture. During the Han Dynasty, doctors were already using methods such as pulse-reading to view patients for the purpose of diagnosis. Around 2nd snow BCE, the Chinese discovered the anti-malarial properties of a plant called Artemisia (or Qing Hao), which they also used to cure skin diseases (apart from malaria). (1) It is the a ctive substance called artemisinin or qinghaosu contained in the plant that enables it to fight the disease of malaria. It is so effective that even until today, this method of treatment continues to be used. Around 10th century CE, the inoculation or vaccination of smallpox was discovered in the southerly province of Szechuan. It is say that Taoist alchemists, who lived as hermits in the mountain of O-Mei Shan, practiced this technique of inoculation, which later caught the attention of the public when the eldest son of inflorescence Minister Wang Tan died of smallpox. Records of what may be diabetes have also been found in ancient Chinese texts. In the text Huang Di Nei Jing, a syndrome named xiao ke was described in detail. This syndrome was said to arise from eating too much oleaginous and sweet viandss, a description that is very similar to type 2 or insulin-independent diabetes (the most common form of diabetes today). The Chinese kick upstairsd even pip-squeak treatment s like eye drops, make from a plant called the Mahuang and promoted the splendor of proper diets as a way to cure deficiency diseases. They make use of wine and hot water as medicine, and bronze knives and needles as surgical instruments.China has contributed quite a lot to the field of science and technology as well. Amazingly, many of these major scientific inventions, which are still in use today, began during the ancient times. Some of these discoveries were even accidental, which is the case for one of the most significant Chinese inventions in report gunpowder. During the Han Dynasty, alchemists did extensive explore and conducted many experiments in search for the elixir of immortality. In their search, they made use of substances like sulfur and saltpeter, which led them to discover many chemical properties along the way. It was during the Tang Dynasty that they discovered that sulfur and saltpeter, when combined with char sear, caused an explosive effect, which is known today as huoyao or gunpowder. Gunpowder is considered to be one of the four large inventions of China the other three are the compass, melodic theme and printing technique. The compass was invented during the Qin Dynasty and was used by travelers to find their way back home afterward traveling to furthermost lands in search for jade and other great treasures. The compass was called zhi nan zhen, which incriminatet needle pointing south. The first person to use this tool was Zheng He of the Yunnan province, who was ordered by the Emperor to make ocean voyages. some other invention, which was also used for determining oversight, was invented by Huangdi and was called the zhi nan che or vehicle pointing south.Before report came into existence, the Chinese would use bamboo slips, bones and tortoise shells to write on. Because these materials were enormous and heavy, many were discouraged from writing down their thoughts and daily experiences up until 105 CE, when the inventio n of publisher was first reported. The name most attributed to this great invention is Tsai Lun, though it is not certain if he was the real inventor or just the court send official that presented the invention to the emperor. Tsai Lun supposedly took inner verbalize of a mulberry tree along with bamboo fibers, and mixed them with water. He then pounded this mixture with a woody tool, poured it into a piece of woven textile and let the water drain through. The fibers that were left behind on the stuff formed the paper material. The printing technique, which made use of carved wooden blocks, first appeared in early Tang Dynasty but only became greatly used during the outcry Dynasty. This new invention encouraged central and local presidential terms to publish more books. It was Bi Sheng who invented movable type printing during the Song Dynasty.The first machines invented in China include the potters wheel, deep drilling devices, effective animals harnesses, the stirrup, es capements, wheelbarrows and the first computer. In 1st century CE, the Chinese invented the chain pump, which they still use until today. Around 132 CE, Zhang Heng invented the first ever seismograph, which was called the dragon jar. This device would solely register the occurrence of an earthquake using the eight dragonheads arranged around its brim. China is also the pioneer of wind direction devices including weather vanes. As early as 1st century BCE, the Chinese had records of wind seasons. Methods like forensic entomology and fingerprinting were already used in 700 CE as a way of solving murders and identifying nation. Thumbprints were found on corpse seals and on various official documents.The ancient Chinese bulk already had coal as an energy source as early as the Han Dynasty in hand with a coal mining industry. Coal was unearthed in Shan Hai Jing and Fushun in Northeast China. Along with coal unearthed in residential areas, the Shui Jing Zhu or notes on water ways classi c had a narration of one of the coalmines in Ancient China, the Bingjingtai. Coal mining made good progress during the Song Dynasty wherein the government set up a special institution to facilitate coal mining and monopolize it.Now, a reasonable chunk of Chinese inventions were geared towards a particular aspect of life, making it easier and more enjoyable peculiarly with the Chinese being biased towards the liberal arts as inappropriate to science because of the lack of conscious interest the people had towards science. A lot of inventions were pointed towards recreational use as well as making day-by-day functions easier or at least open the way to innovation. These inventions also wound up being adapted by many Western gardenings and are still used or can be connected to their Chinese root. These inventions which we see in our grow in our daily lives often have unknown roots to as where they were invented. They could be as important as the paper money system and hatful pa per, or still as essential but on a lesser scale as restaurant menus and eyedrops.One of the greatest inventions of Ancient China is something we use in our everyday lives, paper. Although paper was ab initio used for wrapping and padding, the use of paper as a writing medium began in the 3rd century. report card had many new ways of being used which was due to the Chinese knack for innovation. 6th century China began using it as toilet paper, something we cant live without in our present day. radical was also used to make tea bags during the Tang dynasty, an age of culture in Chinese history. These tea bags are now a popular worldwide drink. Paper was considered one of the greatest inventions of Ancient China because of the position it had with exchanges between the east and the West. Paper is now seen in every society, culture, and part of the world as a essential medium for anything written or printed.A very important system we use today is the type of currency we use, paper money. Paper money or banknotes first appeared in China because the coins used for currency were sometimes too heavy to carry around specially for the prosperous folk. To address this problem, the coins were left to a trusted person in return for a piece of paper (Some kind of modern I.O.U) and the paper money was called jiaozi. Paper money or banknotes during ancient Chinese times often had a duration which discounted its value after some time until the reign of Kublai Khan during the Yuan dynasty in which he removed the durations and called the banknotes Chao. some other great invention of the Ancient Chinese are often seen in homes and in our daily lives, the use of pottery, porcelain and silk. Chinese pottery dates as far back as 8000 years ago and as compared to all diachronic periods, Chinese pottery was the one that kept improving and surpassing the quality of other civilizations with pottery (2). The production of pottery and porcelain was a whole culture in itself repres enting the Chinese economy, culture, science and technology. Though pottery started unprejudiced with simple shapes and rough features, the Chinese were able to mold it into something complex and beautiful for their culture. Among the most well-known works of pottery of Ancient China are the noteworthy terracotta warriors and horses found in the tombs in Lintong of Shaanxi Province, the tomb of emperor Shihuang of the Qin dynasty. The tomb guardianship the terracotta army had thousands of clay soldiers and horses which had lifelike feautures and shows the skill of the ceramic artisans at that time. This miraculous display of the use of clay also represented the Chinese high value of life, believing that things in the tomb of people would accompany them in their second life, the afterlife. Though this belief started with the actual killing of servants, warriors and horses, the Chinese were able to see the value of life and instead use figurines as a substitute. Pottery advanced i n many time periods during the Ancient Chinese era, from the ceramics during the Tang Dynasty which had three main colors, yellow, green and white up until the Zisha Tao or purple-clay pottery. China is also known as the capital of porcelain, a white, fixed and water-resistant piece of pottery. The use of porcelain boomed during the Song Dynasty with the discovery of a wide variety of designs. Porcelain from the Yuan dynasty was also widely regarded as top quality. Ming and Qing dynasties also had its own admirers as seen in this description, as thin as paper, as bright as mirror, as white as snow, and as smelling(p) as chime stone (2). Silk was also a big part of Chinese culture that was discovered from silkworms eating on their mulberry trees. Silk was unearthed as far back as 4700 years ago in the Zhejiang Province in Eastern China. The use of silk was already popular during the Shang dynasty. Chinese people even included how to prevent silkworm diseases in the Li Ji or the Boo k of Rites. Silk was used to increase the dignity of the noble people as well as to add to the allure of their women. It also became a major export even opening the Silk Road. Silk and ceramics show the Chinese rich economy and culture because of how they were able to develop these arts as well as take them to the world. (3)Tea and drink are two beverages whose roots our society knows little about yet consume on a great scale. The ancient Chinese were the first people to process tea and make it into a beverage. Tea was said to have been discovered by Shennong, a legendary god who was cured by tea leaves from a coma. Tea was valued in ancient China even being offered to ranking officials as tributes and becoming an essential part of their everyday lives. multitude of the Tang dynasty had a saying that people can do without food2for several days but not a single day without tea. Tea was another valuable export of the Chinese people (4). The Chinese were also the first to discover wine. Yi Di was said to be the first to make wine and making wine probably started in the Yangshao period, about 4000 to 5000 years ago. The Chinese came up with many disparate methods of creating yeast for their wines, a sign of their innovation and creativity. A big achievement in Chinese history regarding wine was during the Song Dynasty, when hongqu or red yeast was used (5). Wine is a beverage that was adopted by the West and have been made in their own ways like the in the vineyards of Italy and other countries. A very important spice was also give its first use by the Chinese, salt. It was as early as 2700 B.C.E. that salt was already used for pickling in China, salt trade also helped finance the Great Wall.The Chinese also made important contributions to Astronomy. Emperor Huangdi often observed the stars to make out a calendar as well as appellative metal, wood, fire, water and earth as the five elements. He even mum the concept of leap months and days in the calendar. A lot of astronomers in China were able to observe the stars and was compiled by the astronomer Chen Zhou. With this map, people were able to make the star atlas and catalogue with coordinates for each star. The advanced techniques used by the Chinese astronomers during the Warring States Period prove that they led the world in astronomy and astronomical tools (6).There were also many minor inventions the Chinese had which was adopted by the west and used by society in the present day. They invented the kite initially for war but became a tool for entertainment in the mid Tang Dynasty. Its popularity goes as far as the emperor Huizong actually presiding over a compiling about kites called A Collection of Kites from the Xuanhe Years (7). And their attempt to fit a man inside a kite led to the popular fundamental sport we know today as Hang-gliding. Similar to the kites initial purpose, the hot-air fly also became popular for entertainment during the Yuan dynasty wherein it attract ed a lot of popular viewers. The original creator of the hot-air globeoon was a war tactician named Zhuge Liang (8). Board games such as Mahjong also became popular because of the Chinese inventions, the Domino in particular (Dominoes). They were apparently derived from the cubic dice, which had been popular in Ancient China. The Chinese even helped give us some popular sports the world acknowledges today, specifically Archery, Golf and even football. Archery goes back all the way to the Paleolithic age in Shanxi Province wherein archeologists unearthed finely made arrowheads. China was also the provenience of the worlds number one sport, Football otherwise known as Soccer. Football was initially called cu ju which translates to kick ball in Ancient China. Inscriptions on bones and turtle shells during the Shang Dynasty proves that the sport was born in China. The ball was initially made of leather and hair while the first inflated ball was made during the late Tang Dynasty with th e use of animal bladders. The game was said to have spread to the West because of wars with foreign countries(9). Chui wan or latch on pellet is said to be the origin of the game Tiger timberland dominates, Golf. Other minor inventions were the principle of camera obscura, an early way of communicate images. Mo-Ti, the inventor referred to his camera as locked treasure room.The Chinese made many inventions towards recreational use and enjoying life because of their bias towards the liberal arts. Although they still made great contributions to science, their contributions to culture, the classics, sports, and other activities are common in our world today. It is important that one knows the foundation of these activities and objects one enjoys today so that proper assent may be given to the innovators.Now, creating a civilization like that of the Chinese does not come without consequences and at no cost. They did have to fight many battles both to unify themselves, and defend the mselves from would be conquerors. In order to do this, they couldnt fall behind in terms of military might. To make sure that they always had the upper hand, the Chinese invented many simple, yet effective tools of war. The force inventions of ancient China were the kite, the wheelbarrow, naval mines, land mines, the flamethrower, the early form of leaf mustard greens gas, the fire lance, paper outfit, and the crossbow.The wheelbarrow is speculated to have already been invented by at least the first century BCE. They were primarily used for war in that they were an efficient way to carry around large quantities of supplies, or heavy supplies such as armor, weapons, and ammunition. They were chosen over the larger vehicles because first, they could be operated by a person which was favorable over oxen in battle, and second, because they were more maneuverable around difficult terrain. They had many variations depending on the situation. Some wheelbarrows used single central wheels while others used two wheels. One notable variation of the3wheelbarrow was the add-on of a sail. This innovation allowed the wheelbarrows to travel up to 40 miles per hour. (10)Another invention that seems completely unrelated to war is the kite. The Mozi mentioned kites in 400 BCE. Kites were described as a bird constructed from bamboo and wood. (10) The materials used to produce kites were primarily silk and bamboo. Silk was the most lightweight and most durable material at the disposal of the Chinese, while bamboo was the lightest, and one of the most durable types of wood available. It is speculated that kites were used to signal the soldiers in armies during and outside of battle with instructions. For instance, different colored kites carried different orders for armies.As if the Chinese hadnt already proven that anything could be used in war, they began using paper for armor. Yes, thats right. The Chinese used paper for armor. The paper armor was highly praised for its warm th, comfort, and durability. In fact, in 1625, Mao Yuanyi, a Yellow pillbox Rebel during the Han Dynasty, wrote the best choice for foot soldiers is paper armor, mixed with a variety of silk and cloth. (11)The new weapons invented by the Chinese during these times were the Fire Lance, the Crossbow, the Flamethrower, nautical Mines, Land Mines, and the forerunner to mustard gas. Naval mines were made by move gunpowder in a barrel sealed with putty. They were either measure or made to explode by a hidden ambusher that would twist a cord and activate a Wheelock to create a pioneer and set off the explosion when an enemy ship sailed too close. Landmines functioned in pretty much the same way. Hidden ambushers would wait for enemies before kindling hidden fuses to set off the landmines. They did however, have an automatic way of activation. These machine-controlled land mines used weight drives. When a person steps on the landmine, the weights drop, activate a flame, and set off th e landmine.The fire lance was the antecedent to the gun. It was a bamboo tube that was adopted with either a projectile or poison dart. These tubes were tied on to spears and then ignited to set off the gunpowder and launch the projectile. (11) The crossbow functions much like the crossbows of today. They had a string that was latched onto the stop of a trigger. When the trigger is pulled, the crossbow bolt flies. The Chinese flamethrower used double-action bellows fixed beneath a hot cauldron with a mixture much like Greek-fire to spew fire. (11) It was the first type of flamethrower that could continuously shoot fire. The precursor to mustard gas was a simple mixture of around fifteen pounds of feces, herbs, and poison. When lobbed into a battle, it irritated and blistered skin. It was highly favored since it penetrated armor. (11)4All of these weapons, with the exception of the flamethrower, show which side the Chinese were commonly on in battle. First of all, projectile weap ons such as the Fire Lance and Crossbow are dangerous to use in skirmishes, and when the people shooting them do not have the high underseal because of the incurs of friendly fire. Based on that knowledge, these weapons were most probably used from fortification walls, hills, and early in battle, before the skirmishes begin. Naval mines, land mines, and the early mustard gas were of course used as traps. But when and where are traps set? They are often set to fend off an invasion in ones home territory. This tells us that these were primarily defensive weapons. They were most effective in battles where the Chinese were able to choose where the battles would take place. What does all of this tell us? It tells us that the Chinese defended their land more than conquered. They held off invasions, rebellions, and raids more than gust foreigners.The Chinese opened the door for the golden ages of technology. Their inventions paved the way for great thinkers and great nations alike to c reate things never heard of before and to apprehend new ways of doing things.Its obvious that not all the worlds innovations came from China, but it is galosh to say that many of them were either adapted from ancient Chinese inventions or simply continuations of the inventions themselves. Things like the compass, for example, are Western adaptations of Chinese south pointing chariots. China, with all its riches, land, and manpower, was the perfect place for innovation to flourish.But why did the Chinese invent? It is natural for a person to explore and experiment with his environment, but what the Chinese did was not merely exploration and random wonderment. They wondered with a goal, and they explored with direction.5It can be said that, based on their early inventions, they created because they valued the gift of life highly. They sought not only to exist, but also to live. To merely go throughout life breaking ones back for daily meals did not collecting to them. They created tools such as the wheelbarrow and trip hammer that would help ease the workload of everyday life. They created games such as Cu Ju and Chui Wan that would allow one to enjoy life. They created practices and medicine to sustain life. They created things such as the early seismograph and star maps to understand life and the world around them. They also created weapons, but not with the primary purpose of destroying life, but with the purpose of protecting life and protecting order.However, compared to the Western Civilizations, China churned out massive amounts of innovations. What did China have that allowed it to invent so much so quickly compared to the Western Civilizations? Well, the first instrument would be Chinas immense resources. They had the means to support research and maturation within their population and the means to mass-produce the new inventions. The second factor was that they generally lived in times of peace. While they did have many periods of war, the period s of peace, or at least relative peace allowed the Chinese to focus on improving their society. The third factor is exactly the opposite of the second. War hale them to create new weapons. There is an old saying, In peace culture prospers, in war science flourishes. The fourth factor would be the trade routes. China was exposed to many different cultures. Technology was oftentimes the most valuable commodity traded. While the Chinese inventions were oftentimes not direct descendants or copies of foreign technology, they were most likely influenced by them.There is one factor that does seem to stand out above the rest, and this is need. The Chinese had many needs. They inevitable to meet the demands for food by a evolution population, they needed to understand human ailments to be able to treat people, they needed to find more efficient ways of transporting supplies and more efficient ways of navigating rivers. Need is probably the single greatest driving force that the Chinese ha d. Like it was said in the movie Robots, See a need, fill a need.Although the Chinese did have a general sense of direction with their inventing, there was also the factor of luck. In the creation of gunpowder, for instance, it was by chance that they realized a mix of saltpeter, sulfur, and coal produced an explosive effect. Like pervert Marquez says, Innovation happens when readiness meets serendipity.Our present world cannot be divided into a West and an East but as a joint creation of East and West, of China and other countries. Chinas society has had its ups and downs during its different dynasties. A gruelling foundation was built during the Spring, Autumn and Warring States periods which laid down a foundation for the development of science and technology. The Han and Tang dynasties wherein nations were unified, the Wei and Jin dynasties wherein the country was divided or the Song and Ming dynasties which enjoyed prosperity. All these different dynasties and up and downs in Ancient Chinese history, even the Yuan and Qing dynasty, which had leaders coming from ethnic minorities. All these times contribute to the Chinese success with innovation as compared to the West. And although the Chinese were answerable for a lot of firsts, the West can still be given credit for further advancing these firsts in their own ways.The fact that the Chinese lead the world in technology does not necessarily mean that they were the brightest or best. A lot of factors came into play that allowed the Chinese to invent so many things and advance in technology. In the end, it all comes down to the right circumstances. What probably put the Chinese in the perfect situation is again, serendipity.SourcesDeng, Yinke. Ancient Chinese introductions. Cultural China Series ed. China China world-wide Press, 2005.Call Number In Library General Circulation T27.C5 D4613Kleeman, Terry F., and Tracy Barrett. The Ancient Chinese World. Oxford OxfordUniversity Press, 2005.Call Number in L ibrary General Circulation DS741.5.K55Hochman, Karen. coarseness History. 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Oracle ThinkQuest. http//library.thinkquest.org/15618/inventor.htm (accessed January 10, 2011).Case study End of flavour CareCase stud y End of Life CareIn describing a situation in which my integrity was challenged I would first like to give some background. This involved a patient I do byd for and I will anonymize the situation for privacy concerns he will be referred to as Patient A. The patient was a middle aged male who had been diagnosed with cancer. He initially duskd therapy due to personal beliefs that he and his married woman had about election medicine. A year later, with progression of his cancer, he agree to chemotherapy but by then his cancer was very advanced. He initially came under my sympathize with at the end stage of his cancer, and when I admitted him I did not expect he would survive to discharge. His wife was of the opinion that he had declined because he agreed to chemotherapy and expected him to improve now that chemotherapy had been stopped. During his admission he improved and was discharged. At discharge I went over his dispose with him and his wife, and discussed his expected cont inued decline in detail.About one month after this I again admitted Patient A. He was in very bad shape and had not eaten much for about a month. He needed to be admitted to the intense Care Unit. He was lethargic, with a waxing and waning mental status. I was worried that he would not be able to swallow correctly and would likely aspirate (with attendant complications including pneumonia) if fed, so I held off on feeding him till his mental status improved, sustaining him in the interim with endovenous nutrition/fluids. I also stopped some medical specialtys he had been on prior to admission including synthroid, a medication for thyroid dysfunction. I initially discussed Patients As condition with him (when he was more awake) and he decided he did not want to be resuscitated if his heart stopped. When his wife was available I sat down with her and we had a long discussion concerning his condition and his prognosis. She was very personable but was convinced that his prognosis was better than I was making out. She was also very concerned about Patient A not eating and not getting his thyroid medications. I explained the principle for my not wanting him to eat yet and explained that thyroid medication could exacerbate a complication he had at that time. Despite our conversation she was still convinced that his prognosis was pretty good. I ended the conversation by asking her to think on things and promising to discuss further with her at a later time. However, when I did see her later she accused me of not taking adequate administer of her husband. She felt up I was giving up on him and leaving him to starve. She also felt he would be doing better with his thyroid medication. She requested that a different physician be put in charge of her husband.Taking care of patients at the end stage of life can be difficult. It is especially so when the patients are comparatively young. The surviving family members also often have survivors guilt, with a propensity t o feel they could have done more. In this case Patient As wife believed there was a lot more that could be done that could change the outcome.I felt her accusation was a challenge to my integrity and was very taken aback, especially as I thought we had come to an arrangement when last we spoke. She was essentially accusing me of not only inadequate care but of harming my patient. I gave Patient As primary care physician a call to discuss how she had been interacting with Patient A and his wife. I then sat down again with Patient As wife and we had another long discussion at the end of which I agreed to let Patient A try to eat. I agreed to this understanding that he could aspirate. In view of his expected imminent demise I felt if he could get some comfort from eating, it would be worthwhile. However I did not agree to recommence Patient As thyroid medication which would at that point have hastened his demise.I believe I was at fault in not adequately addressing her concerns initia lly. She was seeing individual trees and not the forest. But I was also taking a coldly clinical approach. While I was clinically right, a deeper view should have shown me that at that point his comfort and his wifes satisfaction that he had received appropriate care should have been paramount.