Age Of Reason :: essays research papers

The Eighteenth Century in America was period of time labelight-emitting diode by the works of enlightened writers, thinkers, and scientists. Focus on reason oer faith by many during the Age of Reason was spurred by the work of Sir Issac Newton and Galileo, scientists of the seventeenth century.In America, politics dominated the writings because of the Revolution By the time of the War of Independence, nearly fifty newspapers had been established in coastal cities(95). Due to the enormous amount of political writing, many influential names, such as James Otis, the French writer Voltaire, and the French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau emerged and their explosive works reflected the rationalism of the period. James Otis defended colonist rights during the time of taxation proclaiming Taxation without theatrical performance is tyranny(96), causing many Americans to rally to his cause. As a result, many thinkers, like Thomas Paine and Patrick Henry, of the Age of Reason issued pleas f or independence, raised various ideas, and contributed greatly which led to the birth of the United States.Known as the greatest propagandist of the American Revolution, Thomas Paine was a powerful spellbinder who also stood for independence and like Otis, Paine sought to chevy mens emotions and in January of 1776, he published his pamphlet Common Sense which immediately sold 100,000 copies. Due to its electrifying message, George Washington praised its Sound teaching and unanswerable reasoning(96). When writing Common Sense, Paine bases his works on sound doctrine, reasons, and openness and observed, I offer nothing more than simple facts, plain arguments, and habitual sense and have no other preliminaries to settle with the reader than that he will divest himself of prejudice(handout). Although in America only a some years, Paine persuaded great numbers of men by letting them know the time had come for separation from Great Britain. To rally the faltering he wrote "Freedo m has been track good deal around the globe. Asia and Africa have expelled her...and England has given her warning to depart. O, receive the fugitive and prepare in time an asylum for mankind"(Comptons Encyclopedia Online 1). Colonists up and down the seaboard read this rousing call to action and George Washington himself said it turned doubt into decision for independence.Patrick Henry was another fearless, eloquent spellbinder who became the spokesman of the southern colonies during the stirring period that led to the Revolution. His words, which expressed the feelings and hopes of the patriots, helped inspire them to make their dreams a reality.

The Mistress in Death of a Salesman Essay example -- Death of a Salesm

The Mistress in Death of a SalesmanThe mistress, sultry yet sophisticated, play a larger part in theplay, Death of A Salesman, than most would imagine. While she does notmake an appearance in the play, she does appear in Willys rememberedtime. During his daydreams, she is referred to as the woman. Thewoman in Death of A Salesman never appears in the play, but has anoteworthy presence because she affects the action, theme, and thedevelopment of other characters. As an outcome of having a mistress, Willys fragile ego is boosted.For example, while he is on his lengthy business trips, she lavisheshim attention and affirmation. Willys last name, Loman, gives insightinto the fact that many people do not see Willy as a successful man.The woman, on the other hand, does. Furthermore, she tells him thatshe selected him out of all the salesmen. This makes him feel quite gilt-edged to the other salesmen and gives him a higher self-esteem. Inaddition, she tells him that the next time he came, sh e would let himgo directly through to see the buyers without ha...

Cannibalism as a Sexual Disorder :: Anthropology Essays Paleontology Papers

Cannibalism as a Sexual Disorder Cannibalism occurs prevalently in both Tarzan and Heart of Darkness, and is a moot topic with which the public is largely unfamiliar. Although cannibalism is generally thought of in a primitive animal sense, experts have revealed that cannibalism can be identified as a internal disorder (OConnor). A cannibal is scientifically classified as an anthropophagus (Anthropophagus), which falls under the category of Anthropophagy. Anthropophagy by definition is the sexual gratification by consumption of human flesh or blood. Although rather disturbing, sexual cannibalism is now accepted as the more common variety of cannibalism (OConnor).Because sexual cannibalism is considered to be a social taboo both today, and during the times of Tarzan and Marlow, the creation of entertainment based on it has been limited, though the urges to expand on this topic whitethorn have been far more prevalent. There have been many films and novels created whi ch depict the anthropophagy related to animals, most specifically, spiders. For example, films such as Invasion of the Body Snatchers and Little lead astray of Horrors develop the similarities among human and insect anthropophagy (OConnor). Due to the use of Anthropophagy for leisure purposes, it is evident that cannibalism is a topic of much interest among humans, aside from its label as a social taboo. Technically, a humans eating of another human has a chemical effect on the blood. Too much human nerve causes a build up of vitamin A and amino acids such as homocysteine in the bloodstream, which could cause congenital defects in future offspring. However, if human organs which ar rich in B vitamins and folic acid are eaten along with the human meat, homocysteine is not able to metabolize in the bloodstream. This means that cannibalism could hypothetically be the base of a healthy diet (Natural Food). Contrary to human meat and organs actually being he althy to a human diet, cannibalism is in addition said to cause madness and addiction based on sexual urges and gratification. Kate Rix depicts that sexual cannibalism in its truest sense may in fact lead to the suppuration of necrophilia tendencies. Disturbing behavior, such as that of cannibalism as well as necrophilism, is a result of chemical imbalances in the brain.

Andro & Steroids :: essays research papers

In the passed few years there has been an increase in the popularity ofperformance-enhancing supplements that ar used by athletes. Some of the mostpopular of these supplements are creatine and androstenedione. They are used bysome very famous athletes in professional person sports. There are many problems thatgo along with using these supplements that are not only health-wise, but also themessage that is being sent to children intricate in youth mutant. Athletes todayare not thinking of what kind effects will happen to them in the long run. However, they are looking for easier shipway of training and enhancing theirperformance. They are under a great deal of pressure to succeed and win all thetime that it must be easier to find a short cut to being an elite athlete. In this paperI will explore the risks with these supplements, some regulations that are placed onathletes to, and if they truly work. excessively I will give an overview of what bothcreatine and androstenedione are. For as long as I can remember I have been involved in athletics of all kindsand have always loved the atmosphere that sports provide. Being involved in bothhigh school basketball and golf and straightway finally playing golf for Xavier, I havebeen subjected to rigorous training and conditioning. Never once did I have theaid of any type of substitute supplement or performance-enhancing drug helping mecondition or build muscles faster. However, when I was in high school I wasGriffith 2aware of whitethorn guys who were taking these supplements such as creatine andandrostenedione and getting very muscular, extremely fast. Creatine andandrostenedione were common words used around the halls of my school. Hearing these words make me curious about what exactly they were, what theeffects they had on athletes, and if they were illegal. I found it very interestingthat these supplements were somehow all over the news and that some trulyfamous athletes had used them. I wondered if they were s afe to use and if theyhad any side effects. In researching this topic of artificial supplements andperformance-enhancing drugs, I had many mixed feelings about how I felt abouttheir use by athletes. However, after my research was completed I have a firmopinion that these supplements should be banned from athletics all together.Many questions came up during my research of these performance-enhancing supplements. Among one of my first questions was, What exactly are creatine and androstenedione? This and many of the other questions I had about the supplements

Male aggression is largely attributed to spousal abuse Essay -- Marria

Missing TablesMale aggression is largely attributed to spousal abuseThe truth is somewhere outside the circle.-ancient truism The pervasiveness of spousal abuse is traceable from culture to culture. Every culture has a its unique way of dealing with spousal abuse. The fact that spousal abuse is uncontrolled among certain societies and is completely oblivious to others indicates that spousal abuse is politically, socially, and culturally determined. However, common sense validity would imply that male-dominance is the cause of spousal abuse. This is non always true. For instance, in some cultures there is not a clear-cut gender differentiation between males and females. For those cultures, the binary gender line that exists in the Western culture does not apply to them. Incidentally, this raises the question of whether or not there is a third gender. To delve into the topic of male dominance as attributed to spousal abuse in its comprehensiveness is beyond the scope of thi s paper rather, our purpose here is to cross-file how male-dominance affects spousal abuse by taking the cross-cultural approach. Perhaps it is worthwhile to annotating that the husband-wife relationship is not a linear relationship for all societies. There are some societies where females were forced to ware on the role of the husband. Because the husbands were usually off from their homes, the wives became heads of the household. Furthermore, the wives were allowed to beat their husbands at will if they were found of wrongdoing. It absolutely violates and contradicts the husband and wife relationship, which permeates the Western culture. Interestingly, this reversal of gender role between husband and wife proves that the husband-wife r... ...ery) Pearson correlation 1.000 .032 Sig. (2-tailed) . .801 N 142 63V754 Wife-Beating Pearson Correlation .032 1.000 Sig. (2-tailed) .801 . N 63 70Summary In conclusion, it can be safely established that male aggression plays a major role in motivating spousal abuse. As indicated, in every instance where wife-beating occurs there is a high divorce rate. Furthermore, the significance of these findings show that aggressive behavior is not a biological fact. Briefly, it is not something innate or inborn. The fact that aggression is not grounded in biology suggests that it is culturally and socially constructed. In every society, men and women learn to behave through a process of enculturation. As seen through a case with the Nuer society, women often times take on the role of the husbands. For the westerners, this sometimes comes as a shock

Macbeths Demise :: essays research papers

Macbeth EssayThe tragedy Macbeth by William Shakespeare is based on a thane in whom is corrupted by avarice and a negative ambition. The character Macbeth contradicts his moral responsibility in this play a great deal many moral questions are brought forth to Macbeth. He questions himself and whether or not he should follow through with the evil deeds that he does. Macbeths ambition causes him to compromise his repay, he doesnt take into consideration that he is being trusted and that every action that he takes will have a reaction. Macbeth attains his position as king unjustly. As is evident by the conclusion, arbitrator prevails as usual and Macbeths demise is a result of his evil deeds. Macbeth negates his moral responsibility as a person as well as a king. He doesnt take into consideration that he will pay for all the evil deeds that he executes. Killing Duncan is the worst crime that is likely to commit since the kings were the closest in hierarchy next to god. It is eviden t that Macbeth is aware that this is an evil sin when he narrates, I dare do all that may be come a man, who dares do much is none. (Act I setting VII, Line 46-47) The previous statement shows that Macbeth believes that killing Duncan will make him nothing more than a beast. Nevertheless he goes against his morals and kills King Duncan. Sin is a prevalent theme in this play, Macbeth shows that he knows he has lived a sinful life, Seyton I am sick at hearth, when I behold Seyton I have lived long enough. (Act V Scene III, Lines 20-22) Ambition takes over Macbeth when he decides to hire assassinators to kill Macduffs wife and children, The castle of Macduff I will surprise seize upon Fife give to the edge of the sword in this line. Lanoue 2(Act IV Scene I Lines 150-153) Macbeth shows the insignificance of his morals and responsibilities by his actions, he shows that becoming king is of much more importance. The weird sisters (witches) have a great impact on Macbeths state of mind when he decides to follow through with many of his actions. The witches are responsible for putting the idea of Macbeth becoming king in his head. Faith in the witches compromises his honour since they are believed to be evil however Macbeth

Macbeths Demise :: essays research papers

Macbeth EssayThe tragedy Macbeth by William Shakespe are is based on a thane in whom is debased by greed and a negative ambition. The character Macbeth contradicts his moral responsibility in this play a great deal many moral questions are brought forth to Macbeth. He questions himself and whether or not he should follow through with the evil deeds that he does. Macbeths ambition causes him to compromise his honour, he doesnt have into consideration that he is being trusted and that every action that he takes will have a reaction. Macbeth attains his position as king unjustly. As is pellucid by the conclusion, justice prevails as usual and Macbeths demise is a result of his evil deeds. Macbeth negates his moral responsibility as a person as easily as a king. He doesnt take into consideration that he will pay for all the evil deeds that he executes. Killing Duncan is the flog crime that is possible to commit since the kings were the closest in hierarchy next to god. It is eviden t that Macbeth is aware that this is an evil sin when he states, I dare do all that may be come a man, who dares do more is none. (Act I Scene VII, Line 46-47) The previous statement shows that Macbeth believes that killing Duncan will go him nothing more than a beast. Nevertheless he goes against his morals and kills King Duncan. Sin is a prevalent theme in this play, Macbeth shows that he knows he has lived a sinful life, Seyton I am sick at hearth, when I behold Seyton I have lived long enough. (Act V Scene III, Lines 20-22) want takes over Macbeth when he decides to hire assassinators to kill Macduffs wife and children, The castle of Macduff I will surprise seize upon Fife give to the edge of the sword in this line. Lanoue 2(Act IV Scene I Lines 150-153) Macbeth shows the insignificance of his morals and responsibilities by his actions, he shows that becoming king is of much more importance. The weird sisters (witches) have a great trespass on Macbeths state of mind when he decides to follow through with many of his actions. The witches are responsible for putting the idea of Macbeth becoming king in his head. combine in the witches compromises his honour since they are believed to be evil however Macbeth

Trent Lott

Trent Lott, senior senator from the state of manuscript, is sensation of the fore around computes in the United States Senate and one of the most recognizable figures in all of politics. This recognition comes from the stances which he has taken, the fact that he has been a formidable figure in the Senate for many years, the fact that he was the bulk Leader in the Senate for the republicans from 1996 until 2001 as well as controversial comments which he made in 2002 and which brought pricker a great deal of resentment as well as a reminder of the history of racial conflict that the United States and especially the reciprocal ohm endured in Americas history.Despite this, Trent Lott is nonoperational a highly respected member of the United States senate and at a era when the approval rating of make outing is presently at a sombre 14%, for many in Mississippi, he represents one of the very few bright spots in all of Congress.(Page, 2002 pg. A14)He has maintained a fastidiou s party byplay when voting but has not been afr sanction to take against his party when the time and circumstance called for him to do so. Despite being raised as a secern Democrat, Lott, savor that his beliefs were more in tune with the Republican Party, joined the party and has been a strong Republican ever since. Those Americans consider themselves republicans because they conceptualize in strong faith and family values, the sanctity of human disembodied spirit and marriage and the rule of law as it applies to limited government, find comfort in Trent Lott.Those who dissent with Republicanism and/or Trent Lott on the majority of his issues, can also rely upon the fact that he provide always respect the other side of the debate and leave behind not resort to lowhanded tactics in order to win. At a time when less multitude pay back a favorable cerebration of Congress than in all of American History, much(prenominal) peck serve as a breath of fresh air for all those w ho are interested in politics and how it will reshape the landscape and the future of the domain.Trent Lott was born in Grenada Mississippi on October 8, 1941. His father Chester was a shipyard worker and his mother was a teacher. Trent Lott started from humble beginnings but soon rose in the kindly and political ranks of the state to establish himself as one who was not going to spend his total life in Mississippi, though he would be awkward pressed to forget where he came from and the masses and places which helped to establish the man who is Trent Lott.Trent Lott was introduced to a more social life when he was attending the University of Mississippi where he earned a stop in public administration in 1965 and a law degree in 1967. (Mercurio, 2002) by and by he graduated, he moved to Pascagoula where he opened up a law practice and still lives to this day. It was also during this time that Lott began his life in politics. He served as an assistant to the House Rules Commit tee chairman William Colmer from 1968 until 1972. ( Smith 2005)Despite the fact that Colmer, for the past forty years, was one of the leading segregationists of the state, he still endorsed Lott as one capable of replacing him when Colmer retired. Despite the fact that Lott ran as a Republican a party which had not had much supremacy in the South since the beginning of the Civil War, Lott was by a landslide. People could see beyond the labels which all too often seem to identify everything in that location is to know about a candidate.However, in that respect were other factions involved during this time which helped Lott gain the seat that was vacated by Colmer. During the 1960s especially after the 1965 Civil Rights Bill, in that location appeared cracks in the solid Democratic South that was so apparent in the decades before.The Democratic Party was losing converts to its cause left and right and more and more quite a little were ordain to vote on the Republican ticket. In the 1964 Presidential Election, disdain the fact that Barry Goldwater was routed by President Johnson, Goldwater, Senator from Arizona won 87% of the popular vote of Mississippi. ( Smith, 2005) Trent Lott was on the cusp of this political change and he was going to fix the most of it for himself and the legacy which he sought to take a crap in politics. The only enquire was where Trent Lott was going to end up and how far his aspirations and the population of Mississippi were willing to take him.During the 1970s, a time when the South and Mississippi was lending most of its throw to Republican candidates, Trent Lott was enjoying the success that his adopted party was giving him. That, coupled with the people of Mississippi and their ability to relate to somebody in politics who still seemed approachable, Lott became in 1974, the first Republican to get reelected from the state of Mississippi since the end of Reconstruction in 1877. (Page 2002 pg A14)Lott would be re-elected s ix more times and won easily. In 1978 he even ran unopposed since Lott had established himself so strongly in this part of the country. It was becoming apparent that Trent Lott was going to be in Congress for some time to come. It was also during this time in the 1980s that Lott served as the House Majority Whip for the Republican Party from 1981 until 1989. (Smith, 2005) In doing so, he was the first southern Republican to hold such an office. The Republican Party was becoming a strong hold for the South and so too was Trent Lott.It was now time for Trent Lott to rise in his political career. The Senate seemed like the next logical answer. The House of Representatives has 435 members and the number of representatives which each state sends to Congress is directly based upon the population of that particular state. Mississippi had a number of representatives like Trent Lott which were expected to represent the state. In the Senate, only two members from each state, regardless of how populated the state is, are sent to Congress. This would mean that Lott would have much more power and influence within Congress in which his views would affect the state of Mississippi and the country to a greater degree.When Lott ran for the senate in 1988, he again was taking advantage of the political climate of the day. President Bush ran and won a resounding victory in the Presidential election as voters sought to continue the Republican success that had come under eight years of the previous President, Republican Ronald Reagan. Lott ran and won a resounding eight situation victory over incumbent Wayne Dowdy. Lott was re-elected in 1994, 2000 and 2006 with there existing no sizable Democratic opposition. (Smith, 2005)Lott continued to benefit from the success that the Republican Party was having at this time. From 1993 until 2001, Democrat Bill Clinton was President of the United States and enjoyed high approval ratings finishedout out most of his administration. However, i t was the Republicans who enjoyed a sizable lead in the Congress through a proper portion of the 1990s. Lott became Senate majority leader of the Republicans in 1996. (http//archives.cnn.com)Lott was outgo kn experience for the role that he took in the impeachment of President Clinton who, it later turned out, lie to a grand jury about his relationship with a White House intern. Lott preceded in the trial of President Clinton but eventually acquiesced to suspend the legal proceeding in the Senate. Even though the House had voted to impeach the President, Senator Lott knew that the Republicans in the Senate numbered far short of the necessary votes in order to make the impeachment complete.After the 2000 election when a highly comporter country resulted in a deeply divided Congress and a 50-50 split occurred in the Senate, Vice President Dick Cheneys vote gave the Republicans the majority in the Senate once again and Trent Lott was again the leader of the Senate. This was short lived when Vermont senator Jim Jeffords became ad independent, thus giving the Democrats the majority in the Senate, Trent Lott then became the Senator minority Leader.However, 2002 would provide more problems for Trent Lott and possible the Republican Party when Trent Lott made some controversial comments about the nations and states past which helped to look at to the forefront, a history and hurt facial expressionings and resentment which many in the state as well as the country had tried hard to bury.The spotless spirit which Trent Lott had spent his entire private and political life building, ended on December 5, 2002 when at a 100th birthday celebration for Senator Strom Thurmond, longtime senator from South Carolina and who in 1948, ran for President under the Dixicrat ticket which appealed to mostly segregationist southerners. Commenting on that regrettable chapter in American history, Senator Lott commented instead When Strom Thurmond ran for President, we voted for him .Were proud of it. And if the rest of the country had followed our lead, we wouldnt have had all these problems over the years either. (http//archives.cnn.com) This was a comment which was bl protest up for a number of reasons. The first reason is the historical importee of the 1948 election and the role that Senator Thurmond in his strict stand for segregation. The political and social atmosphere had changed and what was previously seen as acceptable in the way of racial prejudice, in our present time, has finally been seen for what it is worth completely unnecessary and an interference on the freedom of every individual in America.The second problem was that Senator Lott was from the South and delineated the South. Despite coming a long way from the times of slavery and segregation, there still existed a strong awareness of history in the South especially the history of race relations. Such comments helped to bring up a great deal of pent up anger and issues which many had hope d had finally been resolved.IN many degrees it may have been, but this comment by Senator Lott helped to open up a wound that had many thought had been healed. The last problem with the comment, excursion from the comment itself, was the voting record of Senator Lott. He had voted against the renewal of the Voting Rights Act as well as the formation of a national holiday for Martin Luther power Junior when it was made a law in 1986.The comment gained strength as the NAACP and Black Entertainment Television BET called for the resignation of Senator Lott. A good deal of political commentators on television also called for the resignation of Senator Lott and the Republican Party, feeling the backlash towards a public, many of which was suspect towards their history of race relations, and feeling a loss of power, compelled Senator Lott to step down from his position as the Minority Leader in the Senate on December 20, 2002 and was replaced by Tennessee Senator Bill Frist.Despite these comments and how in the minds of many, they have forever associated Senator Lott with the Republican Party of the past, Lott has proven that he is not one who will always vote the strict party line. Within his own party, Lott blasted what is referred to as pork spending. (http//archives.cnn.com) This refers to the fleecing of Americans and their hard earned taxes through kickbacks, deals made in smoke filled rooms and money being placed under the table in order to repay one political favor for another.A senator would try to have a disproportionate amount of federal aid sent to his state or local district in order that such efforts would then be repaid by getting the senator elected. There will never be the full disclosure of how popular this is within the Senate but there is an unwritten law among the members of Congress not to speak out against this.Despite their on camera antics and fighting, the members of the House and to a greater degree the Senate, constitute a private club i n which each member supports and defends the other. (Smith, 2005) Trent Lott was not one of these men. After the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina and the all too real reality of forty years of political corruption in Louisiana, which led to much of the troubles during that natural disaster, Senator Lott commented Im getting damn tired of hearing from them. They have been nothing but trouble ever since Katrina. (http//archives.cnn.com)Many would say that they have been trouble ever since the Congress was formed at the end of the 18th century. Lott became an outspoken critic against a Congress which had been traditionally made up of good old boys who fleeced the tax payers with their ruffle projects and grafting procedures. (http//archives.cnn.com) It was comments like these which helped cement the reputation of Senator Lott as one that was above being bought or being swayed by public opinion.As much as politics is polarizing and such comments can raise the ire with people as it is hum an nature, most free thinking individuals can see beyond the partisan back biting which many casual observers cite as the reason for their disinterest in politics. Trent Lott is an exception to what is becoming the norm partisan members of Congress who will vote the party line and what is popular among the people who voted them in order to continue their role in the Senate. Lott has thought differently and still has been able to make a name for himself in the Senate.Another issue in which Senator Lott angered much of his conservative base was over the issue of immigration. A recent CNN canvas cites more than 85% of the American public unavoidableness the immigration laws to be strengthened in order to stop what is becoming a severe impediment to the country as a whole. (Dobbs, 2005) There is no doubt that illegal immigration needs to be fixed. The inability of the Congress to do anything about it helps to create such low approval ratings.This is because, despite the country being in agreement about the fact that illegal immigration needs to be stopped, there is still much debate as to how exactly that is to be accomplished. There are a number of factions within the Congress as there is in the country and all have strong opinions. The Democrats seem to be a little more lenient and propose for an easy road to citizen ship.Most Republicans feel that illegal immigrants broke the law and compromised the security of the border and propose anywhere from the deportation of twelve million people to strict fines and being pushed to the end of the line in the path towards citizenship. Some of these feelings are strengthened through talk radio which is currently monopolized by conservatives many of whom have very strong opinions about what should be done about the problem. Lott made his opinion clear and called for resolve and moderation.Lott sought to do this by listening to his conscience more than what his people tell him to do, which he matte up, was asking for mor e than what was right in this situation. Lott commented Talk radio is running America. We have to deal with the problem. Im sure senators on both sides of the islet are being pounded by these talk radio people who dont have a clue what is even on most of these measures. They are ill informed to comment so. (Dobbs, 2005) Senator Lott reached across the isle and teamed up with the very liberal Senator Ted Kennedy for their comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007.throughout the whole process, Senator Lott was a articulatio of reason who called for a moderate approach to the problem so that some immigration bill could be passed. He commented buns we do anything more? I dont like a lot of these amendments. Some people were acting like this is a sinister operation. I dont believe so. Everybody knew there was an effort underway. Do you have faith in me after 35 years? ( http//archives.cnn.com) Despite his best efforts, Senate Leader Harry Reid, Democrat from Nevada killed the bill after less than a week of debate.Since Senator Lott has resigned from his leadership position in the Senate, he still has remained a voice of reason and is not hesitant to vote his conscience over the strict party line. Senator Lott received a mild, though strong Democratic following when he called for the resignation of Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld before most Republicans even contemplated the movie.He battled with President Bush over the closing of military bases in the state of Mississippi and was an outspoken critic of Karl Rove, President Bushs chief advisor. On July 18, 2006, Trent Lott even voted in favor stem cell research a bill which President Bush in July 2007, vetoed because in the process, the stem cell, which would eventually become a fetus, was viewed by Christians to be a human life and therefore felt that such measures acted as like an abortion.On the other side of the issue, stem cells can be used, researchers think, to grow healthy cells and combat various diseases which attack the brain, spikelet and nervous system. Senator Trent Lott voted for this research and in the process, alienated himself from much of his base. He knew this before casting his vote but he has gained the respect of his peers on both sides of the isle for being motivated by what he thought to be right and not necessarily what was popular within his own party or with the nation.Whether Trent Lott is alter his base or voting with the majority, he has been a voice of reason and moderation for most of his career. Trent Lott has been a mainstay in Congress for the last xxx years and even though he has voted in ways that he later regretted and made comments which have hurt him and his legacy in the long run, to the people who like honest talk, both in his home state of Mississippi and in the country at large, have come to respect him for all that he has done.Even after the made those now infamous comments about Senator Thurmond, most Democrats in Congress, despite seeing a political opportunity to increase their support from African Americans and other minorities, realized that the comment was not a true testament to the feelings, the beliefs and the life work which had become Trent Lott.The former leader of the Senate for the Democrats and a figure which had no trouble raising the ire among most Republican supporters, commented on that recent turn of events There are a lot of times when he and I go to the mike and would like to say things we meant to say differently, and Im sure this is one of those moorings for him as well. (http//archives.cnn.com)This is the case with free thinking individuals who, despite raising the hated and ire for many Republicans through his years in the Senate and could further increase the support of his base by responding their calls to vilify the man, such people who have known Senator Lott for any period of time, though they might not agree with the man and his politics, respects his morals, values and the way s in which he conducts himself. This is hard to do sometimes as the persona cross the isle might be causing a great deal of trouble in ones political pursuits and perhaps had even exerted efforts to derail their bid for re-election.Nevertheless, the millions of people in America who feel that the actions of the Congress and the beliefs of the men and women who make up such an exclusive club is more important that what the current pop culture icon is wearing or dating, can recognize a genuine person. Those who want to stay in touch with current events and the politics which shape them but still cannot resort to such efforts, cite the fact that in their opinion, there is a severe shortage of people whom they feel to be real.This is most likely true as observers for both Presidential campaigns can record the amount of back peddling that each candidate makes in order to maintain thee highest level of political power regardless of whether or not that is their real opinion. It is unlikely that Trent Lott, despite his high popularity, will never even contemplate running for President. And it is to the advantage of all those who believe in him that he does not. This is because Trent Lott, with his inability to be disincentive, shoots from the hip and when asked, tells people what he believes more times that not. Sometimes the words will come out wrong and he will regret what he says. However, isnt this true for all of us.If every formal word of ours over the last 35 years was recorded, how well would others regard us? It is to the benefit of millions of people that is not the case and for those like Senator Lott who has been in the public eye for thirty five years, his record will stand for itself and by itself in this highly partisan climate which is currently choking Washington with no hope of reviving the healthy action of dissent across party lines when an issue does not react well to their own beliefs the beliefs in which they were elected.Senator Trent Lott is n ot a member of the former class but stands alone as not only one who apologizes for his mistakes, but also is willing to cross party lines and let the criticism come as they may. This is the true test of one who has earned the trust of the people. It would behoove Washington and the American people if there were more such people in politics.WORKS CITEDDobbs, L. Lott A Freethinking Member of Congress CNN Moneyline w. Lou Dobbs. Aired in syndication June 15, 2005Page, C. Lotts Comments Representative of a Larger Culture of Hate? Chicago Tribune December 15, 2002Mercurio, J Lott Apologizes for Thurmond Comment http//archives.cnn.com Downloaded July 19, 2007 December 10, 2002Smith, Harry Senator Trent Lott. Biography Aired June 12, 2005

History of American Football Essay

Beginning of FootballFootball as well as rugby and soccer are believed to have descended from the ancient Greek game of harpaston. Harpaston is mentioned frequently in classical literature. where it is often referred to as a very rough and brutish game.The rules of this ancient sport were quite simple Points were awarded when a player would cross a goal line by either kicking the ball, running with it crossways the goal line, or throwing it across the line to another player. The other teams objective was simply to stop them by any means possible. in that location was no specific field length, no side line boundaries, no specified number of players per team, only a glaring lack of rules.Most neo versions of football game are believed to have originated from England in the twelfth century. The game became so popular in England that the kings of that time (Henry II and Henry IV) actually banned football. They believed that football was taking away interest from the traditional spo rts of England, such as fencing and archery.Walter CampWalter Camp was born April 17, 1859, in New Haven, Connecticut. He attended Yale from 1876 to 1882, where he studied medicine and business. Walter Camp was an author, athletic manager, chairman of the board of the New Haven Clock Company, and director of the Peck Brothers Company. He was general athletic director and head advisory football coach at Yale University from 1888-1914, and chairman of the Yale football committee from 1888-1912. Camp played footba ll at Yale and helped evolve the rules of the game away from rugby football and Soccer rules into the rules of American Football as we know them today. One precursor to Walter Camps influence was William Ebb Ellis, a student at the rugby football School in England.In 1823, Ellis was the first person noted for picking up the ball during the soccer game and running with it, in that respectby breaking and ever-changing the rules. In 1876, at the Massosoitconvention, the the fi rst attempts at writing down the rules of American football were made. Walter Camp edited every American Football rulebook until his death in 1925.Walter Camp contributed the following changes from Rugby and Soccer to American football one side retained undisputed possession of the ball, until that side gives up the ball as a result of its own violations the line of scrimmage 11 on a team instead of 15 created the quarter-back and center positions forward pass standardised the scoring system, numerical scoring created the safety, interference penalties, and the neutral zone tackling as low as the knee was permitted 1888 a touchdown increased in value to hexad points and field goals went down to three points 1912 The NFL or the National Football League, was formed in 1920soccor/footballSoccer is one of the most popular sports in europium and the Americas. It has a vivid and interesting narration in the world of sports. Early evidence of soccer being played as a sport finds ite m in China during the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC. In China, it was during the Han dynasty that people dribbled leather balls by kicking it into a small net. Recorded situations also support the fact that Romans and Greeks used to play ball for fun and frolic. Some facts point to Kyoto in Japan where kicking of ball was a popular sport.It is said that early result of the modern soccer started in England. Some amusing facts even mention that the first ball used was the head of some Danish brigand. It is said that during chivalrous times, the old form of soccer used to allow many ill practices like kicking, punching, biting and gouging. The main aim was to carry the ball to a order spot. People grew so fond of the game that they would throng the field all day long.Sometimes the competition grew fierce and masses got so wild that there were frequent incidents of violence during the game. It is also said that soldiers admired the game so much that they missed archery practice to watch it King Edward III banned soccer in 1365 owing to the growing incidents of violence and military indulgence in the sport. In 1424 King James I of Scotland also proclaimed in the fantan Na man play at the Fute-ball No man shall play football When and where exactly did soccer start is a question that has no accurate answer to it. You can easily say that thispopular game has been played for more than three thousand years. The nativity of modern-day soccer must be credited to Britain. It was also cognise as the association football, with Scotland and England being the co-founders of the systematic game of soccer.Modern History of Soccer 18th Century onwards In 1815, a major development took place that made soccer popular in Universities, Colleges and Schools. The popular English School and Eton College came forth with a set of rules, known as the Cambridge Rules. Football was segregated into two groups some colleges and schools opted for Rugby rules that allowed tripping, shin kicking and also carrying the ball. These rules were exclusively prohibited as per the Cambridge rules.The history of modern-day soccer was established in 1863. In October 1863, eleven representatives from London clubs and schools met at the Freemasons Tavern to set up common fundamental rules to control the matches amongst themselves. The result of this meeting was the formation of the Football Association.In December 1863, the Rugby Football and Association football finally split as the supporters of the Rugby School rules walked out. hard establishing the foundation of soccer in 1869, the Football Association strictly banned any kind of handling of the ball. Soccers popularity spread rapidly during the 1800s as British sailors, traders and soldiers introduced the sport to different parts of the globe.Italians, Austrians and Germans drew to Europe, while Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil adopted the sport in South America. FIFA was established in the year 1904 and by early 1930s, different leagues were operating from various countries. FIFA is credited with organizing the first world cup in Uruguay. The history of soccer is rich with events, development and its growing madden all over the world. You will find yourself amazed as you learn about different times of this wonderful sport that has held our awe and admiration for over 3000 years.why is soccer called footballThe game that the rest of the world calls football or the beautiful game goes by a different name in the United States and Canada soccer. Americans adopted the name soccer after almost 100 years of playing this game under the name football.The games history and development provides important clues about the use of the word soccer to identify the game in the countriesthat do not call it football.

Muslims and non Muslims interactions in the world Essay

A Muslim is a person who claims to follow the Islamic teachings bit Islam is the people s way of life of the Muslims. The Quran is the source book of the Muslims and contains in it the message that Allah gave to his prophet. Islams tenets, goals and values have been contr oversial in the modern manhood and the media has been reporting on it more so after the11th September 2001 in USA (Ahmad 2011). This has been followed by many misconceptions associated with their way of life. Islam continues to be practiced all over the world by the many diverse cultures. This paper will look into the countries that Islam is practiced and its effects to the general population residing in these countries. Some of these countries will implicate USA, India, Pakistan and others. This will lead to the differences between other main types of worship like Christianity and Judaism with Islam. Due to the diverse understanding of Islam by the people, there ar varied reactions from opposite groups in th e world. Many of the misconceptions about Islam are due to lack of adequate knowhow of its beliefs mostly of the non-Muslim.Misconception on Islamic beliefs, goals and valuesThe script teaches on the equality and the marrying those without husbands and organism faithful to them. On the issue of inheritance, it is the sole duty of the man to work and provide for the family. The woman on the other side is to be provided and is non to hurt the family. This explains why men should have twice the amount of inheritance as compared to women. This clears the misconception that women are non valued in Islam.Another main misconception about Islam is that it is meant to the Arabs. This is because the volume is written in Arabic and most of the Muslims are Arabs. This is a misconception because only 18 percent of the Muslims are Arabs. The country with the highest numerate of Muslims is Indonesia followed by Bangladesh both of which are not Arabic countries. Islam has rotate in all corn ers of the world and does not include Arabs only, although the Quran was first-class honours degree written in the language. at that place is also the belief that Muslims kill innocent people in the form of holy war. The Quran teaches about the need to preserve life and no one should take aside life apart from the one who gives it. Islam stands firm that a real Muslim will observe this order from the Quran and Sunnah. Anybody who does kill innocent people is not a Muslim by deeds, but by the word of the mouth.Many people in the world believe that the Muslim community worship a man by the name of Muhammad. On the contrary, it is lack of knowledge of Islamic teachings since he is only a messenger from Allah. Quran and Sunnah teach of a monotheistic Islam mode of worship and only a non-Muslim would argue that they do worship a prophet. The Quran continues to erase the misconception that they do not recognize Jesus. only if the main truth is that the Muslims recognize Jesus, but not as the son of God, but as just one of the prophets that served Allah.Teachings of Islam and its effects in unalike countries tally to Dabashi (2012), in the USA, Many of the Muslims believe that Religion is a vital part of their worship. Many of the Muslims pray every day with many praying the five Salah. Others attend the every week religious meetings in the mosques and many of the Muslims in this country believe that it is not Islam only that can take people to the paradise. USA is characterized by many groups of Muslims with different beliefs. Some believe in Muhammad, angels, God and others in the judgment day. Women have their separate place of worship like in other countries, although women do not wear hijab mostly as compared to other countries. They have been seen negatively since the 11th September issue, but they have remained resilient and remain active in the economic and political activities.In the United Kingdom, the Muslim community has involved itself in the crea tive lifestyle as many are artists. The women have followed the fashion renewal of the country. They have raised Islam by use of creative arts and have even started a newspaper under their name. Many of them continue to be arrested, bear upon by diseases and poor educational levels. This shows how they have been neglected and seen as outsiders. India has experienced violence against the Muslims. This has been attributed to socio-political and historical reasons with the Hindus. This has been brought by competition in business where Muslims businesses are targeted rundown they are seen as a political threat to the Hindus due to their increasing numbers (Dabashi 2012).)Pakistans population is made up of Muslims raging to 96 percent. at that place are Islamic schools that teach people on the modern education. Due to media influence, women have been forced to wear Hijabs. There has also reduction in the number of attacks due to the intervention of the government and agencies of inte lligence.In the middle eastward part of the world, Muslim enjoys a huge following with Judaism and Christianity also having following but not as Islam. Sunni is the major part of the Muslim and Shia is the minority. Violence has always been there due to the two having conflicts on who is to lead the Muslims in general. Judaism in Middle East is commonly found in Israel while Christians migrated into the area long time ago. The number of Christians has been decreasing due to the persecution by the majority who are the Muslims.This is due to jehad as anybody who does not believe in Allah deserves not to lodge.Relationship between Islam, Christianity and JudaismAll the trine righteousnesss have one God and are as a result of one father who is Abraham(Peters 2008). The source books are the Bible, Quran and Hebrew Tanakh. According to the Christians, Jesus Christ comes to reconcile people and forgive sins, in Islam was to spread the gospel while Judaism does not attach any relevant role of Christ. He is the second in the trinity born of a virgin in Christianity, a prophet sent by Allah for the Muslims and Judaism does not attach any relevant tittle but takes him as an ordinary Jew. In Christianity, sin is get from Adam, Muslims believe they were born without sin while Judaism does not show any knowledge of sin that is original.Interaction of Muslims and Non-MuslimsAllah did not object to the idea of Muslims mixing with non-Muslims in the Quran. He, however,proposes that such a relationship should be to promote peace and order. For this reason, Muslims in the world mix freely with the non-believers. This is an exception of countries with different understanding of the non-Muslims who view them as not worth living for example in the Middle East. Islam teaches on peaceful coexistence and love to the mankind. This is the reason most of the Muslims in USA and enceinte Britain live in love with those who are not Muslims. They are taught not to take behaviors of th e non-Muslims more so on the issue of dressing (Thomas et al 2009). Even when the enemies are against them, Islam teaches about finding amicable peaceful solutions and not war. Those who fight are not true Muslims, according to their belief and teachings. Muslim socialises with the non-Muslims to establish, compassion, justice and tolerance. They visit their sick, socialize during happy moments, greetings in the form of handshake and hugging, sharing and giving them gifts. They also offer condolence messages when struck by a disaster.ConclusionIslam is a religion with a following in many countries in the world. Many of its believers are found in the Middle East part of the world. The religion has been full of misconceptions by the non-Muslims on their general beliefs and way of worship. Most of the people believe that women are not valued, that the Muslims do not recognize Jesus, Worship a person in the name of Muhammad and are mostly Arabs. These misconceptions are only to the peo ple who do not know the teachings of the Quran. Islam is practiced by people of diverse cultures from USA to Great Britain, Pakistan and India. The teachings of Islam makes them relate well with the non-Muslims as it teaches on peaceful existence and love to the neighbors.OutlineThe research paper shows how Islam is a sensitive part of the general worldly concern in the country today. It has been associated with many misconceptions which are only false beliefs. The introduction in brief, explains the difference between Islam and Muslims and the different areas the paper will dwell on.The first part of the paper describes the main misconceptions that are there in the society. Many believe that Islam is a religion of the Arabs whereas the country with the highest number of Muslims is not Arabic speaking. There is also the misconception that Islam does not recognize Jesus and that it does not value women. It is also a misconception that Muslims worship a person. The second part shows the different areas and the reactions of Muslims towards the non-Muslims. These areas have different approach due to the diverse cultural beliefs in the areas.The third part describes the relationship among the three major religions which are Islam, Christianity and Judaism. This part shows a similarity among the three and some differences. This shows the different beliefs of the different groups in the different religions. This leads to the next part of the paper which is how the Muslims interact with the other groups which are not Muslims. This is based on the teachings of the Quran which insists on peace and love of the mankind. It also cautions on the influence of the non-Muslims to their beliefs and code of conduct. The conclusion concludes the main points that are discussed in the research paper.ReferenceAhmad, S. D. (2011). Islam in perspective. S.l. Authorhouse. Dabashi, H. (2012). existence a Muslim in the world Rethinking Islam for a Post-Western History. Basingstoke Palg rave Macmillan.Peters, F. E., & Esposito, J. L. (2008). The Children of Abraham Judaism, Christianity, Islam A New Edition. Princeton Princeton University Press.Thomas, D., Roggema, B., Monferrer, S. J. P., Chesworth, J., & Azumah, J. (2009). Christian Muslim relations A bibliographical history. Leiden Brill.Source document

Marketing Management Assignment-Smu Essay

Q.1 A. Explain the six criteria for effective market place particleation * Identity The merchandising manager essential(prenominal) fuck off some means of identifying members of the segment i.e., some basis for classifying an individual as being or not being a member of the segment. There must be clear differences between segments. Members of such segments can be readily identified by jet characteristics as they display similar behavior.* Accessibility It must be possible to reach the different segments in regard to both promotion and distribution. ln some other words, the organisation must be able to focus its market efforts on the chosen segment. Segments must be accessible in two senses. First, firms must be able to make segmented customers aw ar of harvestings or services. Second, they must get products to them through and through the distribution arrangement at a reasonable cost.* Responsiveness A clearly defined segment must react to changes in any of the element s of the marketing mix. For example. if a particular segment is defined as being cost-conscious, it should react negatively to price rises. If it does not, this is an indication that the segment needs to be redefined.* Size The segment must be reasonably large to be a profitable fundament. Lt depends upon the number of people in it and their purchasing power. For example, makers of luxury goods whitethorn appeal to small but wealthy target markets whereas makers of cheap consumption goods whitethorn sell to a large but relatively poor target markets.* Nature of demand lt refers to the different quantities demanded by various segments. Segmentation is required only if there argon market differentiation in terms of demand. The marketing manager should not only be able to find out the total demand and the differences in demand patterns in each of these segments.* Measurability The objective of segmentation is to measure the changing behavioural pattern of consumers. For example , the segment of a market for a car is determined by a number of considerations, such as economy, status, quality, safety, comforts, etc.B. Discuss the types of target marketing strategies.* Undifferentiated marketing strategy or mass marketing strategyIn the absence of a proper mechanism to classify the market into a number of markets segments and canvass their potential, many firms decide on the mass marketing strategy. In this deterrent example, the marketer goes against the base of a differentiated market and decides to sell the product to the whole market. Here the marketing manager ignores the idea of segment characteristics and differences, and unwraps a unified marketing syllabus for the entire market. This strategy keeps the overall marketing costs low and makes it easier to manage and track the market forces uniformly. The marketer tries to find out commonalities across various segments kind of than foc using on the differences between segments.* Concentrated marketin g strategyIn the second alternative strategy, the marketing manager decides to enter into a selected market segment instead of all the in stock(predicate) market segments. When resources and market access are limited and the companionship has to face intense opposition, the marketing manager has to stretch the work out for market coverage. In this case, the company is likely to follow the concentrated marketing strategy.* Differentiated marketing strategyMany marketers choose to target several segments or niches with a differentiated marketing offer to suit each market segment. Maruti is the leading automobile company, which has the distinction of having different products for different market segments.Q.2 Explain the consumer buying decision process.* Problem recognitionA buying process starts when a consumer recognizes that there is a substantial discrepancy between his/her current state of ecstasy and chances in a consumption situation. A need can be activated through infi xed or external stimuli. The basic needs of common men rise to a particular level and become a elbow grease. From their previous experiences, they know how to satisfy these needs like hunger, thirst, sex, etc. This is a case of internal stimulus. A need can also be aro usanced by an external stimulus such as sighting a crude-fangled product in a shop while purchasing other usual products.* Information searchAfter need arousal, the behaviour of the consumer leads towards order of battle of available information about various stimuli. ln this case, information about products and services are gathered from various sources for further processing and decision-making. The first source of consumer information is the internal source. This means the consumer first search the information regarding the relevant product from his/her inner memory. If the information is not available from internal source for making a corrupt decision he or she may collect information from external sources. A External sources for desired information can be grouped into quadruplet categories.* Personal sources (family, friends, neighbors, and peer group) * Commercial sources or market dominated sources (advertisements, salesmen, dealers, and company owned sales force) * Public sources (mass media, consumer rating organisations, and trade association publications) * Experiential sources (handling, examining, and using the product) The marketer result find it worthwhile to study the consumers information sources when * A substantial percentage of the target market engages in the search * The target market shows some stable patterns of using the respective information sources.* Alternative military rankOnce interest in a product(s) is aroused, a consumer enters the subsequent stage of evaluation of alternatives. Evaluation leads to formation of buying intention that can be to either purchase or reject the product/ blade. The final purchase will save depend on the potency of the positi ve-intention, which is the intention to buy.* Purchase decisionFinally the consumer arrives at a purchase decision. Purchase decisions can be any unity of the three no buying, buying later, and buy now. No buying takes the consumers to the problem recognition stage as their consumption problem is not solved and they may again get convolute in the process as we have explained. A postponement of buying can be due to a lesser motivation or evolving personal and frugal situation that forces the consumer not to buy now or postponement of purchase for future period of time. If positive attitudes are formed towards the decided alternative, the consumer will make a purchase.* Post-purchase behaviourPost-purchase behaviour refers to the behaviour of consumers after their commitment to a product has been made. It originates out of consumers experience regarding the use of the product and is indicated in terms of satisfaction. This behaviour is reflected in repeated purchases or abstinence from further purchase. A satisfied product-use experience leads to repeated purchase, referrals from satisfied customers to in the raw customers, highschooler usage rate, and also brand advocacy.Q.3 A. Discuss the Henry Assael model on buying decision behaviour. Henry Assael has come up with an explanation to analyse why consumers buy the goods they buy. He explained the race between the level of involvement by the consumers in the purchase of goods and services and the level at which diverse goods or services differ from one another. High involvement Low Involvement Signicant differences Complex Variety Seeking between brands buying Behaviour Buying Behaviour Few differences Dissonance Reducing Habitual Buying between brands Buying Behaviour* Complex buying behaviour Consumers are highly involved in a purchase and aware of significant differences among brands. This is usually the case when the product is expensive, bought infrequently, risky, and highly self-expressive. Typica lly the consumers dont know much about the product category and have more to learn. Example personal computer. * Dissonance-reducing sometimes, the consumer is highly involved in a purchase but sees little differences in the brands. The high involvement is based on the fact that the purchase is expensive, infrequent, and risky. Example carpet. After purchasing the carpet, consumers might experience dissonance that stems from noticing certain disquieting features of the carpet or hearing favorable things about other carpets.* Habitual buying behaviour Many products are bought under conditions flow consumer involvement and the absence of significant brand differences. Considering salt, consumers have little involvement in this product category. They go to the store and reach for a brand. If they keep reaching for the same brand, it is out of habit and not strong brand loyalty. * Variety-seeking buying Some buying situations are characterized by low consumer involvement but signific ant brand differences. Here consumers often do a lot of brand switching. Consumers do the brand switching for the sake of variety rather than dissatisfaction. Example wafer potato chips.B. Explain the five stages of Adoption Process.* consciousness During the first stage of adoption process, the product innovation is explained to the consumers. This process gives information about the new product or service. * Interest When consumers develop an interest in the product or product category, they search for information about how the innovation can benefit them. * Evaluation The evaluation stage represents a kind of noetic trial of the product innovation. Only if the consumers evaluation of the innovation is satisfactory, they will actually try the product. In case the evaluation is unsatisfactory, the product is automatically rejected. * TriaI- ln this stage- consumers use the product on a limited basis. Their experience with the product provides them with the critical information that they need to adopt or reject it. * Adoption -In this stage, consumers decide to make encompassing and regular use of the product.Q.4 Describe the components of the micro surroundings of marketing * The company Some company factors that affect the marketing decisions are Culture and time value system Organizational culture can be viewed as the system of shared values and beliefs that shape a companys behavioural norms. A value. is an abide preference as a mode of portion out or an end state. The value system of the founders of the organisation has a lasting impact on it. The value system not only influences the working of the company and the attitude of its people but also the choice of its personal credit line.1. Mission and objectives The mission and objectives of the company guide the priorities, heraldic bearing of development, business philosophy, and business policy. 2. Management structure and nature Structure is the manner in which the tasks and sub-tasks of t he organisation are cerebrate. Structure is concerned with the hierarchical relationship and the relationship between the management of different functional areas like the structure of the top management and the pattern of share holding. 3. Human resource This concerns factors like manpower planning, recruitment and selection, compensation, communication, and appraisal.* Intermediariesintermediaries are independent business units and they carry the companys products and services to the customers. Prominent intermediaries include wholesalers, retailers, merchants, selling agents, brokers, etc. Their objective of being in business is different than being in a firm, so the intermediaries will be interested in maximizing their profits. Any trade promotion scheme will motivate them to push competitors product deeper and faster. * PublicPositive and favorable public popular opinion is crucial to marketing success since the public is the authority that permits the existence and proced ure of competitive marketing systems. This environmental factor includes the general public, its support, the government, and the set of public who have a direct bearing on business. These public can be classified as welcome public, sought public, and unsought public. As a marketer, one must understand that the general public grants the license for conducting business with an expectation that the company will practice fair play. Lack of this supportive framework as evidenced by declining sales or adverse public opinion can lead to eventual failure of the firm as well as the marketing system. * CompetitorsSuccess or failure of an offer largely depends on how competitors react to the companys offer. Godrej was a successful refrigerator manufacturer. Once competition intensified, the company started losing market share. Today, though there is a growth in refrigerator industry, Godrej as a brand is not growing as fast as its competitors. Through the years, marketing systems have become increasingly competitive. traditionalistic economic analysis, views competition as a battle between companies in the same industry or between substitutable products. Marketers, however, tend to accept the tune that all firms are competing for a limited discretionary buying power.Though we can say that Maruti as a car manufacturing-company is facing competition from other car manufacturers, ultimately it is the consumers disposable income for which shampoos, soaps, and scooters are also competing with Maruti. A customer is expected to allocate his disposable income optimally and in the process a category also competes with another category to be in the active consideration set of customers for such an allocation. Industry has found numerous new uses for animate products, with the whole arena of competition being expanded. While this forces business to reassess long-established marketing practices, it also opens new avenues of business opportunity. Emergence of computers with multi media as a tool of infotainment and knowledge sharing device has challenged traditional products in the entertainment market.* SuppliersIncrease in the price of raw materials will have a bang on effect on the marketing mix strategy of an organisation. As a result, the prices may be forced up. This is the impact that the suppliers can have. impendent relationship with suppliers is one way of ensuring competitive and quality products for an organisation.* CustomersOrganisations exist because of customers. No customer means, no business. Organizations on how they meet the needs and wants of the customers and provide them with maximum benefits. blow to do so will result in a failed business strategy.Q.5 A. Explain the types of Marketing Information systemsMIS supplies three types of information, which are* monitor information Monitoring information is the information obtained from scanning external sources which include newspapers, trade publications, technical journals, magazines, d irectories, balance sheets of companies, and syndicated and published research reports. Data are captured to monitor changes and trends related to marketing situation. Some of these information can be purchased at a price from commercial sources such as market research agencies or from government sources. * recurrent information Recurrent information is the information that is generated at regular intervals like monthly sales reports the stock statements, the trial balance, etc. ln MlS, recurrent information is the data that MIS supplies at a weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual interval, which are made available regularly. It can also provide information on customer awareness of companys brands, advertising campaigns, and similar data on close competitors. * Customized information Customized information is also called problem-related, which is developed in response to some specic requirements related to a marketing problem or any particular data requested by a manager.B. Disc uss the different components of MISThe overall Objective of an Ml IS to provide inputs from marketing environmental factors like target markets, marketing channels, competitors, consumers, and other forces for creating, changing, and modifying marketing decisions in the formulation of relevant and competitive marketing strategies. * Internal nature systems Internal record systems are available within the company across various departments and provide relevant, routine information for making marketing decisions. The most obvious internal record system is the purchase and payment cycle systems. It records the timing and size of orders placed by consumers, the payment cycles followed by consumers, and the time taken to gather the orders in the shortest possible time. * Marketing intelligence system A marketing intelligence system is the system of collecting and collating data. This system tries to capture relevant data from the external environment. It collects and manages data fr om the external environment about the competitors moves, government regulations, and other relevant information having a direct impact on the marketing environment of the firm.*Analytical marketing systems Analytical marketing systems are also known as Marketing Decision Support Systems (MDSS). A MDSS is a coordinated collection of data, systems, tools, and techniques with supporting software and ironware. Using this collection, an organisation gathers and interprets relevant information from business and environment and turns it into a basis for marketing action. lt involves problem-solving technology consisting of people, knowledge, software, and hardware integrated through the information technology platform into the sales management process of the organisation.* Marketing research systems Marketing research systems are based on systems and processes that help marketing managers to design, collect, analyse, and report data and ndings relevant to a specific marketing situation facing the company. It also involves analysis of information, which includes a coordinated collection of data, systems, tools, and techniques with supporting software, and hardware by which an organisation gathers and interprets the relevant data and turns it into a basis for marketing action and tactics.Q.6 Describe the factors to be considered while developing an Effective marketing mix. To develop an effective marketing mix the company should consider the following factors and then choose the most appropriate mix of elements (7Ps) to target the customers * Companys resources These are one of the prime factors affecting the companys marketing mix. The financial, human, and technological resources available with the company affect the composition of the marketing mix. The firm needs to conduct a Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, and Threat (SWOT) analysis for the business unit.* Demographics It implies to the changes in the composition of the market, the demand of the population, the opportunities in the country, etc. that affect the marketing mix. Current and projected economic conditions It connotes the economic factors like inflation, employment, taxes, and other economic factors that influence marketing mix decisions. * Market potential Analysis of market potential for new products considers market growth, prospects need for your offering, the benets of the offering the number of barriers to immediate use, the credibility of the offering and the impact on the customers daily operations. * Competitors They are important considerations that affect the marketing mix of a firm as the potential for competitive retaliation is based on the competitors resources, commitment to the industry, cash position, predictability, and status of the market. porters beers Five Forces Model* Supplier power- The power of suppliers to drive up the prices of inputs. * Buyer power- The power of customers to drive down products prices. * Competitive rivalry The strength of c ompetition in the industry. * Threat of substitution The extent to which different products and services can be used in place of a particular product. * Threat of new entry The ease with which new competitors can enter the market if they see that a product is making good prot and then drive your prices down. By thinking about how each force affects a product and by identifying the strength and direction of each force, you can quickly assess the strength of a products position and ability to make a sustained prot in the industry.

Piracy in Somalia and Its International Implications

PIRACY IN SOMALIA AND ITS INTERNATIONAL IMPLICATIONS In the ancient few social classs, robber attacks off the coast of Somalia hold in received a great hire of public attention. According to the London-based world(prenominal) Maritime Bureau, there has been an unprecedented increase in Somali pirate activity in the first 9 months of 2009. Until folk this year 147 incidents were reported off the Somali coast and in the Gulf of Aden (separating Somalia and Yemen), comp bed with 63 for the same period last year.A total of 533 conclave members hold back been pissn hostage in 2009, out of which to the highest degree 200 hostages be still being held by Somali pirates. I have chosen the effect of plagiarism for my es consecrate as I think that in the context of the presend world economy crisis it is a current problem which might claim tout ensemble in all the participants of the global economy and it assumes an urgent solution. In the first part of my essay I am personne l casualty to present some info to demonstrate the importance of the problem, then I allow for focus on the back demesne of the issue and present the contrasting factors which have led to the appearance of buc placeeering. subsequently a detailed description of the pirates and their way of operation I will move on to presenting of the interests of the foreign community and the policies, strategies and instruments they have employ to deal with the issue. At the end of my paper I will draw some conclusions and make a few suggestions for the future. Piracy has been a problem in Somali waters for at least ten years. However, the arrive of attempted and successful attacks has risen over the last terzetto years.As the hijackings have increased in number, they have similarly become more sophisticated. The pirates are now able to capture larger targets as well. On September 25 2008, Somali pirates captured the MV Faina, a Ukrainian ship transporting weapons to Kenya. This was foll owed one month later by the hijacking of the MV Sirius Star, the largest ship ever captured by pirates. The Saudi-owned supertanker was carrying about 2 billion place of crude oil, worth about $100 billion. The ship was finally released on January 9 for a $3 billion ransom money.The series of hijackings has continued in 2009 too. It waits that this year the pirates have shifted from the Gulf of Aden, where dozens of ships were attacked in 2008 only which is now heavily patrolled, to the ocean between the African mainland and the Seychelles islands. In October 2009 Somali pirates captured a Chinese protrude carrier, carrying 25 Chinese crew members. In November they have seized a US tanker carrying $20 million of crude oil, which is considered the second-largest ship ever hijacked by pirates.The tankers 30-member crew was as well as kidnapped. In the same month, 9 pirates hijacked the Greek-owned tanker Maran Centaurus carrying 275,000 metric tons of Saudi Arabian crude oil a nd have taken it to a pirate port a foresightful the coast, where they typically hold the boats for ransom. The 300,000-tonne ship was hijacked about 1,300 km from the coast of Somalia and there were 28 crew members on board which are all held hostages. According to the IBM, in October and November alone, 38 ships have been attacked and 10 hijacked.There are several factors which have made Somalia the perfect environment for plagiarism, which I am going to present below. First of all, if we want understand why piracy stimulates in Somalia, we have to know something about the geography and history of the democracy. Officially called the land of Somalia, Somalia is a country situated in the snoot of Africa, bordered byDjiboutito the northwest,Kenyato the southwest, theGulf of AdenwithYemento the north, theIndian Oceanto the east, and Ethiopiato the west.Due to its strategic location, in the past the country was an important centre of commerce. Even today, about 16,000 ships pass through the Gulf of Aden each year, carrying oil from the Middle East and goods from Asia to Europe and North America, so we can say that one of the most important trade routes of the world can be found in this area. In addition, the long, isolated, sandy beaches of the country are also advantageous for pirates to operate. An new(prenominal) factor which helps piracy to flourish is the political anarchy which still rules in Somalia.For almost 20 years, the country has endured political funny house and bloodshed. TheSomali Civil, which began in 1991 as a revolution against the repressive regime of Siad Barre, has caused instability throughout the country. The northern parts of the country declared their independence, although it was neither recognised by the central government, nor by the United Nations. Subsequent fighting among rival warlords resulted in the killing, dislocation, and starvation of thousands of Somalis. Since 1991, 350,000-1,000,000 Somalis have died because of the conflict.Hatred and lack of trust among the landlords and their clans has pr even offted the organisation of a functioning central government. From2006-2009 Ethiopiawas also mixed in the conflict. In January 2009, Ethiopian soldiers withdrew from Somalia, leaving behind anAfrican Unioncontingent of peacekeepers to help the fragile densification government and its troops enforce their authority. Following Ethiopias withdrawal from Somalia, the southern half of the country fell into the hands of radical Islamist rebels, who still control a boastful part of the country. The political situation is still chaotic in Somalia.The present government, led by Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed is the 16th administration to govern the country since the collapse of the Barre regime. Order still hasnt been restored, Somalia is governed by anarchy. Because of the lack of an effective central government and national economy, Somalia is still one of the worlds poorest countries, where the estimated gros s domestic product is around $600 per year. According to the World Bank, in 2008 73% of the countrys population lived on a daily income below $2. The countrys 10 million people are starving, and they would hardly survive without the forage aid provided by the developed countries.In a country where survival is at stake, it is no surprise that piracy has become a fast and easy way to make money and it could develop into a frightening business. To sum up, we can say that Somalias chaotic political situation, the lack of an effective central government, the poor state of the economy and poverty have all created an environment which was perfect for piracy to appear. But who are these heroes and how do they operate? In most peoples minds, the image of piracy is associated with characters like Jack Sparrow or headwaiter Cook.Pirates are a great deal seen as rebellious young men who are victims of the society, but have the courage to stand up for themselves and create a different way of working on the seas. Actually, there is some truth in this kind of perception. According to Eric Hobsbawm, a British historian, social bandits are outlaws, drawing on community support, using criminal methods to challenge the present hierarchy of power and wealth. Most of the Somali pirates are 20-35 years old and come from the region of Puntland, a semi-autonomous region in northeastern Somalia.It is estimated that there are at least five pirate gangs and more thousands armed men. A BBC report divided them into three main categories local Somali weightermen (the brains of the operations because of their skills and knowledge of the sea) ex-militiamen (used as the muscle) and technical experts who are able to use electrical equipment, such as GPS devices at a professional level. It is a fact that since the countrys collapse in 1991, there has been a great amount of illegal sportfishing trained by a lot of countries along the Somali coast.During the regime of Siad Barre (1986-1992 ) Somalia received aid from several countries to develop its fishing industry. Local fishermen had fixed prices for their catch and the fish was exported because of low demand for seafood in Somalia. However, after the fall of the Barre regime, due to the Somali Civil War the income from fishing decreased. Traditional coastal fishing became difficult, because orthogonal trawlers started fishing illegally along the Somali coast and depleted the fish stocks. Local fishermen became desperate. They started to band together and were determined to protect their visions.They started attacking foreign trawlers, the crew of which soon fought back with heavy weapons. As a result, fishermen turned to former(a) types of commercial ships and soon discovered that piracy was an easy way to make money. At the moment, piracy is Somalias most lucrative business ship owners are willing to pay huge amounts of money for the release of their hijacked vessels. In addition to this, starting with the p revious(predicate) 1990s, Somalias long, remote coastline has been used as a dump site for dangerous toxic gas from a lot of European and Asian companies.The European Green party presented before the press and the European Parliament copies of contracts signed by two European companies an Italian-Swiss and an Italian firm and representatives of warlords, to accept 10 million tones of toxic waste in exchange for $80 million. For European companies this is a very cheap way of getting rid of their waste while waste disposal be in Europe are about $1,000 a tonne, this way it only costs them $2,50 a tonne. The effects of this dumping are already visible in Somalia.According to a report by the UN Environment Programme, there is an extremely high number of cases of respiratory infections, mouth ulcers and bleeding and unmatched skin infections among the inhabitants of the area diseases related to radiation sickness. It is put down that this situation represents a very serious enviro nmental risk not only to Somalia, but to the strong eastern Africa region. Many of the pirates call themselves the Somali coast guard, claiming that their aim is to defend their communities from overfishing and to protect the coastline from toxic dumping of nu pass on waste by foreign ships.In an interview one of the pirate stretch outers explained We dont consider ourselves sea bandits. We consider sea bandits those who illegally fish and dump in our seas. The problem of overfishing is still a very serious problem is Somalia. It is estimated that Europeans and Asians poach around $300 million worth fish from Somali waters. On the other hand, Somali pirates collect about $100 million yearly from ransoms. This, according to Peter Lehr, a Somalia piracy expert, can be seen as a resource swap. Of course, a great number of pirates are only taking part in these operations for the money, and their families which they can feed this way.As one of them, nicknamed take out Sucker says Some times doing a bad thing is the only way to improve the situation for yourself and the people you love. Some of the pirates cant even swim, their only task is to shoot straight. A lot of young Somalis take part only in a couple of operations, hoping to make enough money to move to the West or maybe to persuade an ethnic Somali woman with a EU passport to marry them and move to the UK. As for the techniques used by the pirates, we can notice that they are getting more sophisticated and more effective.They are using the latest high-tech equipment, like GPS, MANPADS (Man Portable line of merchandise Defence Systems), RPGs and satellite phones and they are well-armed with rocket-propelled grenades and AK-47s. They usually operate using small skiffs with powerful outboard engines, but now they regularly use pay off ships to increase their range. These mother ships take them into the shipping lanes, several hundred miles offshore. Then they launch small speedboats to haul themselves up o nto the deck of a ship. They can oftentimes seize a ship without firing a shot.After capturing it, they sail the hijacked ship to the Somali pirate hub town, Eyl and take the hostages ashore where they are well-looked after until ransom is paid. It is reported that the pirates never harm their prisoners they behave like perfect gentlemen with them. They even hire caterers on the Somali coast to cook pasta, grilled fish and cook meat, which western hostages might like. Once ransom is paid, they release ships good humour. According to the Kenyan foreign minister, in 2008 pirates have received about $150 million in ransom, which is used to fund future operations.In a recent startling Reuters report we can read that the pirates have started to make the money to work for them, setting up a stock exchange that has drawn financiers from the Somali Diaspora and other nations. The bandits bourse is a small building in the once-small fishing village of Haradheere, about 250 miles northeast of Mogadishu, which has developed into a luxury town by now. As a former pirate named Mohammed puts it, The shares are open to all and everybody can take part, whether personally at sea or on land by providing cash, weapons or useful materials weve made piracy a community activity. Unfortunately, it has become clear that the activity of pirates is linked to warlords on shore. After seeing the profitability of the business, these leaders started to facilitate pirate activities, sharing the profit with the pirates. These Godfathers and clan leaders are fast related to Somalias president in Mogadishu, Abdullahi Yusuf, who also originates from Puntland. Estimates are that at least six ministers in the Puntland government are involved with the pirates. The only assembly which is publicly against piracy is the militant Al-Shabaab, a Salafist group founded this decade as a militia attached to the Islamic Court.They say that such crimes are command under the Islamic law. However, accor ding some reports, militant Islamist groups also get their share of the profit. The pirates involvement with these organisations is making the situation even more alarming, because all the fiscal help given by the West to the Somali authorities to put an end to piracy might just help it to flourish. All in all, it is clear that piracy is not a problem that the fragile Somali government can solve alone and international help is needed. How does all this affect the international community?Besides enforcing international law, there are several other reasons to stop pirate activities. The first is Somalia itself. The country needs about 200 tonnes of food aid a year which is mostly delivered by sea. Without the naval escorts and the regular actors line of aid, Somalias food stocks are seriously threatened, so ensuring the safe delivery of food aid should be a number one priority for the international community. Stopping piracy may also reduce the money on hand(predicate) for weapons, so indirectly it can lead to the end of the internal war.Piracy has a very distressing effect on international trade as well. In addition to the growing ransom, companies whose cargos do not reach their destinations, lose money. As a result, there is a growth of insurance for all ships which need to pass through the Gulf of Aden. The constant danger of pirate attacks has already made some shipping companies to choose a longer, but safer route, around the cape of Good Hope, as it happened in the case of AP Moller-Maersk, one of Europes largest shipping companies after the hijacking of Sirius Star.The extra weeks of travel and fuel can lead to the cost of transporting goods, which is a really serious concern now, at the time of a global economic crisis. Another reason is related to the environment. Pirate attacks can cause major oil spills in a very sensitive eco constitution. As pirates become bolder and use more powerful weapons, tankers could be set on fire or sunk, which can resul t in an environmental catastrophe, destroying marine and bird life for many years to come. Last, but not least, there is a risk that the pirates themselves can become agents of terrorism.There are assumptions according to which pirates are connected to the Al-Shabaab movement, which is believed to have links to Al-Qaeda. According to some reports, Al-Qaeda militants from Iraq have chosen Somalia as a new base from which to launch attacks. Terrorism at sea can take many forms, for example direct attacks on ships, hostage dramas, but also hijacked ships used as potential weapons. Terrorist exculpateworks can use the financial funds from piracy to fund their operations worldwide. It is obvious, that even if there is little materialise for the worst scenario, it is best to prevent it while we can.The international community has recognized that enhanced international efforts are necessary in order to reduce the number of attacks. The growing cases of piracy have focused the worlds atte ntion on Somalia and have shown that the crisis going on in a fragmented state is spilling out of its borders. The array response to piracy has shown that countries which havent been able to cooperate with each other can unite their forces for a common cause. A maritime congregation was also held in Mombassa, where they discussed the problem of piracy and tried to give regional and world governments recommendations to deal with the danger.In January 2009, an important regional agreement was adopted in Djibouti by States in the region, at a meeting organised by IMO. The Code of Conduct concerning the Repression of Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in the westward Indian Ocean and the Gulf of Aden recognized the extent of the problem of piracy and armed robbery against ships in the region and the states signing it declared their intention to co-operate, in a way consistent with international law, in the repression of piracy and armed robbery against ships.Most countries have p referred prevention various navies have sent war-ships into the area to escort commercial vessels. At the beginning, this way of defense was more individual than collective, but the persistence of the attacks has led to the development of a collective guarantor system. NATO got the task of escorting convoys transporting the humanitarian aid of the World Food Programme towards Somalia. Once they were in the Gulf of Aden, they also protected other merchants ships, by their presence.Later NATO reach the job to Operation Atlanta, the first common maritime mission by the European Union. Military counter-piracy operations are performed by vessels from the Combined Task intensity level 150, a multinational mergernavaltask force in charge of monitoring and inspecting a range of security issues, such as medicate smuggling and weapons trafficking, as well as piracy. Several countries, including India, Russia, China, Norway, Australia, France, Greece, Turkey, Portugal, Denmark, the Nether lands, South Korea, Malaysia and even Japan chose to join the merger and send warships to the Gulf of Aden.In January 2009 the US dark blue established a new multi-national naval force to confront piracy off the Somali coast. The new unit was called Combined Task draw and quarter 151and it was a spinoff of the existing Task Force 150 in the region. This section of the coalition forces was aimed at focusing exclusively on pirate groups (leaving Combined Task Force 150 to focus on other destabilizing activities, such as drug smuggling and weapons trafficking). It was hoped that by designating a new unit to combating piracy in Somalia, anti-piracy efforts would be more successful.Unfortunately, this effort is having only a limited impact. Although some pirates are scared off by the sight of military ships and helicopters, coalition warships are often in the wrong place at the wrong time. In addition, pirates are flexible and change their tactics easily data from the Maritime Bureau shows that at present they are conducting their operations further out in the Indian Ocean. Besides, this is a very costly solution which is difficult to support in the long term.After the hijacking of an Egyptian ship and a huge Saudi supertanker, the Arab League organized a summit for countries overlooking the Red Sea, with the participation of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Somalia, Jordan, Djibouti and Yemen. At the summit the participant states discussed several solutions for the problem of piracy, suggesting different routes and looking for a safer passageway for ships. They might also assist the current NATO anti-piracy efforts together with other nations.However, we shouldnt forget that the Arab League has long tried to draw Somalia more closely to the Arab world. It has made a financial support for the Transitional federal official Government, conditional on its entering negotiations with Al-Shabaab, intending to spread Islamist influence in the area. In June 2008 the United N ations Security Council passed a declaration authorizing nations that have the agreement of the Transitional federal Government to enter Somali territorial waters to hunt pirates.In 2008 the Security Council adopted two resolutions, 1846 and 1851 allowing for the first time international land and sea occupations of Somali territories in the pursuit of pirates. These resolutions extended the power of the states and lead to greater coordination of their efforts. After the Council resolution 1851, the hand Group on Piracy off the brim of Somalia was established on 14 January 2009 to facilitate and coordinate actions among states and organizations to deal with piracy. At the moment 46 States and seven international organizations take part in the Contact Group.Through its four working groups, the Contact Group addresses specific issues related to military and operational coordination, legal issues, shipping industry awareness and public and diplomatic information. UNODC (the United N ations Office on Drugs and Crime) participates in the Contact Group and its Working Group on Military and Operational Coordination, Information Sharing and Capability-Building. UNODC acts as secretariat to Working Group on Judicial Issues, to which it has provided various forms of support.UNODC has prepared an analysis of the legal and practical challenges involved in prosecuting suspected pirates and is gathering nformation on relevant national legal systems, including those of coastal States. In spite of the fact that laws to combat piracy at sea exist, a lot of states do not seem to use them in practice. Only France has chosen to combat piracy directly. The first case was the seizing of a yacht in April 2008, which started with negotiations for the release of 30 hostages and followed by the capture of six pirates in Somali territory.The second case took place in September 2008 to free a couple taken hostages. This action also led to the arrest of six pirates, who are awaiting tri al before a French court. Britain and some other countries have found a superficial and well-provided way of treating the pirates they have negotiated a treaty with Kenya, according to which all those suspected of piracy are handed over to that country. A few months later other countries followed Britains example, negotiating similar agreements. These agreements are a useful step, but they do not solve the problem.The Kenyan prison system is in terrible condition, depravation is high, there are strong delays in the call of trials and legal aid is very limited. It is a paradox indeed that states which are entitled to prosecute the arrested pirates indicate this right to a country which is unable to assure a fair trial to these criminals. In spite of the united efforts of different nations, it has become clear that the piracy problem cannot be solved at sea, because it is rooted on the shore, in the ongoing conflict and political instability of the country.As Ban Ki-Moon, the Secret ary world(a) of the United Nations expressed at an international donors conference Piracy is a symptom of anarchy and insecurity on the ground. () More security on the ground will make less piracy on the seas Any lasting solution to the problem has to involve ensuring stability, development and an effective criminal justice system in Somalia. If the states had invested the time and resources they now spend to stop piracy in reconstructing the Somali society and economy, they probably wouldnt have to cope with these problems.However, there are always new opportunities that shouldnt be wasted. Martin Murphy in his article Somali Piracy not just a Naval Problem claims that the highest costs of piracy to Somalia and the international community are not economic, but political. As I mentioned earlier, it seems that almost all layers of political life in Somalia are involved in piracy, including the Islamist groups. Islamism is getting stronger and stronger in Somalia and it can soon get hold of the entire country. The Al-Shabaab movement has a clear intention to use Somalia as a base for spreading Islamist influence in the region.If this tendency continues, a worst possible outcome would be an Islamist government, which is strong enough to control piracy, but also strong enough to make Somalia safe for violent Islamist groups. So, what can be done to stop, or at least to decrease piracy in the Horn of Africa? Somalia is a clan-based society. Therefore, a possible solution would be to deal with the sub-state entities in order to create a unitary state in the future. In these negotiations the coalition should clearly commit itself to repress piracy in return for allied political and economic support.This way it would be possible to cut off all the political players in Somalia from their external sources of weapons and thus pirates would be trapped between more effective land-base policy by the Somalis and maritime policy by coalition member navies and soon they would have no place to hide. Recent efforts have shown that there is a will to act together. We can only hope that the states will find a way to deal effectively with the problem before it is too late. Links, references Roger Middleton Piracy in Somalia. Africa Programme, October 2008 http//www. chathamhouse. org. uk/files/12203_1008piracysomalia. df Marina ChiarugiandDaniele Archibugi Piracy challenges global governance. Open Democracy,9 April 2009 http//www. opendemocracy. net/article/piracy-challenges-global-governance George Grant Somali pirates cant be beaten at sea. The Guardian, 18 November 2009 http//www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2009/nov/18/somali-pirates-ransom-puntland Galrahn Somalia Piracy A Backgrounder April 8, 2009 http//www. informationdissemination. net/2009/04/somalia-piracy-backgrounder. html Rubrick Biegon Somali Piracy and the International Response. FPIF (Foreign Policy in Focus) January 29, 2009 http//www. pif. org/fpiftxt/5827 Georg-Sebastian Holzer Somali a piracy and politics. Open Democracy, 24 November 2008 http//www. opendemocracy. net/article/somalia-piracy-and-politics Johann Hari You Are Being Lied to About Pirates. The Huffington Post, celestial latitude 2009 http//www. huffingtonpost. com/johann-hari/you-are-being-lied-to-abo_b_155147. html Can Somali pirates be defeated? BBC News, 20 November 2009 http//news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/8371139. stm Sam Gustin Bandit Bourse? Somali pirates hijack oil tanker, organize stock market Daily Finance, December 1 2009 http//www. dailyfinance. om/2009/12/01/bandit-bourse-somali-pirates-hijack-oil-tanker-organize-stock/ Martin Murphy Somali Piracy not just a naval problem . Centre for Strategic and Bugetary Assessments, April 16, 2009 http//www. csbaonline. org/4Publications/PubLibrary/B. 20090417. Somali_Piracy/B. 20090417. Somali_Piracy. pdf Piracy in Somalia Wikipedia, the supernumerary Encyclopedia http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Piracy_in_Somalia Aiden Hartley What I learned from theSomali pirates. The Spectator, 6 December 2008 http//www. spectator. co. uk/essays/all/3061246/what-i-learned-from-the-somali-pirates. thtml